diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/epoch_send_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/epoch_send_test.go
index 2c16c9a..ae6adbd 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/epoch_send_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/epoch_send_test.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestAMachineIsSentTheEpochOnlyOnceItSaysItReadsOne(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	d := &bodiesDelivery{recordedDelivery: recordedDelivery{inv: inv}, bodies: map[string][]byte{}}
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, composeForPush(open, gens), d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, composeForPush(open, gens), d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	carried := func(node string) (epoch float64, has bool) {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func TestNothingIsComposedOrSentWithoutTheLease(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	d := &bodiesDelivery{recordedDelivery: recordedDelivery{inv: open.inventory}, bodies: map[string][]byte{}}
-	refused, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, composeForPush(open, gens), d, "")
+	refused, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, composeForPush(open, gens), d, "", nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back.go
index fc22083..0d90cc1 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back.go
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func sayHeld(w io.Writer, node string, why []string) {
 // machines that could not be composed, as refusals.
 func flushBehind(ctx context.Context, open *stores, nodes []inventory.Node, handled map[string]bool,
 	compose func(held context.Context, node string) (sendable, error), d delivery, holder string,
-	w io.Writer) ([]string, error) {
+	keep keeping, w io.Writer) ([]string, error) {
 	inv := open.inventory
 	var refusals []string
 	// Bounded by the node count: a node is marked handled the round it is considered and is never
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func flushBehind(ctx context.Context, open *stores, nodes []inventory.Node, hand
 		// a refusal and reported at the end, and the others are still sent (novox/hq ADR 0066).
 		// Held for this round only, and after the last round's were given back, so two pushes
 		// cascading into each other's machines never each wait on the other.
-		refused, err := sendRound(ctx, open, sending, compose, d, holder)
+		refused, err := sendRound(ctx, open, sending, compose, d, holder, keep)
 		refusals = append(refusals, refused...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return refusals, err
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back_test.go
index 0507b64..bcb0fe9 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/held_back_test.go
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func TestANamedPushLeavesAMachineAPolicyHoldsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	compose := composeForPush(open, gens)
 	d := &recordedDelivery{inv: inv}
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, compose, d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, compose, d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if builds, known, err := inv.SentBuilds(ctx, "laptop"); err != nil || !known || builds["resolver"] != "c1c1c1c1c1" {
@@ -221,13 +221,13 @@ func TestANamedPushLeavesAMachineAPolicyHoldsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	// The change merges; the policy is record. `push anchor` sends the anchor...
 	aResolver(t, open, "c2c2c2c2c2", asked.Add(time.Minute))
 	d.declared = nil
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, compose, d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, compose, d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	// ...and its cascade leaves the laptop, saying so.
 	var said bytes.Buffer
 	d.declared = nil
-	refused, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"anchor": true}, compose, d, "", &said)
+	refused, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"anchor": true}, compose, d, "", nil, &said)
 	if err != nil || len(refused) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("the cascade failed: %v %v", refused, err)
 	}
@@ -248,13 +248,13 @@ func TestANamedPushLeavesAMachineAPolicyHoldsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	// is held, and that what else it is owed waits with it.
 	aThirdMachine(t, open)
 	d.declared = nil
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"spare"}, compose, d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"spare"}, compose, d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	d.declared = nil
 	said.Reset()
 	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"anchor": true, "spare": true},
-		compose, d, "", &said); err != nil {
+		compose, d, "", nil, &said); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if len(d.declared) != 0 || digestOfLaptop() != before {
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ func TestANamedPushLeavesAMachineAPolicyHoldsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	said.Reset()
 	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"anchor": true, "spare": true},
-		compose, d, "", &said); err != nil {
+		compose, d, "", nil, &said); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if len(d.declared) != 0 || !strings.Contains(said.String(), "has passed no gate yet") {
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ func TestANamedPushLeavesAMachineAPolicyHoldsBack(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	said.Reset()
 	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"anchor": true, "spare": true},
-		compose, d, "", &said); err != nil {
+		compose, d, "", nil, &said); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(d.declared, []string{"laptop"}) || digestOfLaptop() == before {
@@ -311,18 +311,18 @@ func TestANamedPushStillSendsAConsequenceNothingHolds(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	compose := composeForPush(open, gens)
 	d := &recordedDelivery{inv: inv}
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, compose, d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}, compose, d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
 	// `push spare`, the machine just placed: the others' peers change with it.
 	aThirdMachine(t, open)
-	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"spare"}, compose, d, ""); err != nil {
+	if _, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"spare"}, compose, d, "", nil); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	d.declared = nil
 	var said bytes.Buffer
-	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"spare": true}, compose, d, "", &said); err != nil {
+	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"spare": true}, compose, d, "", nil, &said); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(d.declared, []string{"anchor", "laptop"}) {
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ func TestANamedPushStillSendsAConsequenceNothingHolds(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	d.declared = nil
 	said.Reset()
-	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"spare": true}, compose, d, "", &said); err != nil {
+	if _, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, mustNodes(t, open), map[string]bool{"spare": true}, compose, d, "", nil, &said); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	// The anchor, the hub, may still be settling from the machine placed above; the laptop is the
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/hold_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/hold_test.go
index c66d769..8301b42 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/hold_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/hold_test.go
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ func TestASendRoundGivesItsHoldBackOnEveryWayOut(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for name, round := range map[string]func() error{
 		"a body that cannot be marshalled": func() error {
-			_, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, unmarshallable, fine, "")
+			_, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, unmarshallable, fine, "", nil)
 			return err
 		},
 		"a send that fails": func() error {
-			_, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, plain, failing, "")
+			_, err := sendRound(ctx, open, []string{"anchor"}, plain, failing, "", nil)
 			return err
 		},
 	} {
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/licence.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/licence.go
index 25d12ef..0b93e9f 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/licence.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/licence.go
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func licenceKey(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	// and printing the value here would put the one copy that matters on a terminal.
 	fmt.Printf("sealed to %d holder(s). The mesh has discarded the key and cannot read it back\n",
 		sealed)
-	fmt.Printf("  run `push` to deliver it\n")
+	fmt.Printf("  run `push --behind` to deliver it\n")
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ func licenceSetGrant(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("%s now holds a refresh token for %s, sealed to that node's key and readable by it "+
-		"alone.\n  the control plane stored the box without opening it; run `push` to deliver it\n",
+		"alone.\n  the control plane stored the box without opening it; run `push --behind` to deliver it\n",
 		"the manager", name)
 	return nil
 }
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ func licenceSubmitRefresh(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 			"manager node alone"
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("submitted a refresh for %s: a new access token sealed to %d holder(s), and %s.\n"+
-		"  run `push` to deliver it\n", name, sealed, rotatedNote)
+		"  run `push --behind` to deliver it\n", name, sealed, rotatedNote)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ func licenceRefresh(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	fmt.Printf("refreshed %s: a new access token sealed to %d holder(s), and the refresh token left "+
-		"with its manager.\n  run `push` to deliver it\n", name, sealed)
+		"with its manager.\n  run `push --behind` to deliver it\n", name, sealed)
 	return nil
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/modules.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/modules.go
index 950bc76..38b8b1b 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/modules.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/modules.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"os"
-	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/broker"
@@ -383,7 +382,8 @@ func assignCommand(ctx context.Context, verb string, args []string) error {
 
 func settingsCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	if len(args) == 0 {
-		return errors.New("settings set <module> <file> [--node <node>], or settings clear <module> [--node <node>]")
+		return errors.New("settings show <module> [--node <node>] [--history], settings set <module> <file> " +
+			"[--node <node>] [--replace], or settings clear <module> [--node <node>]")
 	}
 	open, err := openStores(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -394,6 +394,11 @@ func settingsCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 
 	set := flag.NewFlagSet("settings", flag.ContinueOnError)
 	node := set.String("node", "", "one machine, rather than the whole mesh")
+	// **What a set removes is refused unless meant** (novox/hq ADR 0217). A layer is replaced whole,
+	// and on 2026-10-05 setting one placement dropped a machine's whole layer for a module without a
+	// word (novox/hq issue 304). Adding and changing keys needs nothing; removing one needs this.
+	replace := set.Bool("replace", false, "for set: remove the keys the new layer does not name")
+	history := set.Bool("history", false, "for show: the layers this one replaced, the latest first")
 	positionals, err := parseAround(set, args[1:])
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -421,17 +426,76 @@ func settingsCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &values); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s is not a settings file: %w", positionals[1], err)
 		}
+		before, _, err := inv.Layer(ctx, *node, positionals[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		added, changed, removed := settingsChange(before, values)
+		if len(removed) > 0 && !*replace {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s on %s: this layer would no longer set %s. A layer is replaced whole; "+
+				"read it with `settings show %s%s` and include what should stay, or add --replace if the "+
+				"removal is meant (novox/hq ADR 0217). Nothing was changed",
+				positionals[0], where, strings.Join(removed, ", "), positionals[0], nodeFlag(*node))
+		}
 		if err := inv.SetSettings(ctx, *node, positionals[0], values); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-
-		var keys []string
-		for k := range values {
-			keys = append(keys, k)
+		fmt.Printf("%s on %s:\n", positionals[0], where)
+		if len(added)+len(changed)+len(removed) == 0 {
+			fmt.Println("  nothing changed")
 		}
-		sort.Strings(keys)
-		fmt.Printf("%s on %s: %s\n", positionals[0], where, strings.Join(keys, ", "))
-		fmt.Println("  run `push` to send it")
+		for _, p := range added {
+			fmt.Printf("  + %s\n", p)
+		}
+		for _, p := range changed {
+			fmt.Printf("  ~ %s\n", p)
+		}
+		for _, p := range removed {
+			fmt.Printf("  - %s\n", p)
+		}
+		if before != nil {
+			fmt.Printf("  the layer it replaced is kept: settings show %s%s --history\n", positionals[0], nodeFlag(*node))
+		}
+		if *node != "" {
+			fmt.Printf("  run `plan %s --diff` to see what it changes, `push %s` to send it\n", *node, *node)
+		} else {
+			fmt.Println("  run `push --behind` to send it to the machines running it")
+		}
+		return nil
+
+	case "show":
+		if len(positionals) != 1 {
+			return errors.New("settings show <module> [--node <node>] [--history]")
+		}
+		if *history {
+			past, err := inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, *node, positionals[0])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(past) == 0 {
+				fmt.Printf("%s on %s: no layer has been replaced\n", positionals[0], where)
+				return nil
+			}
+			for _, p := range past {
+				shown, _ := json.MarshalIndent(p.Values, "  ", "  ")
+				fmt.Printf("%s on %s, until %s (%s):\n  %s\n", positionals[0], where,
+					p.ReplacedAt.Local().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"), p.ReplacedBy, shown)
+			}
+			return nil
+		}
+		values, has, err := inv.Layer(ctx, *node, positionals[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !has {
+			fmt.Printf("%s on %s: no layer — the module's definition says\n", positionals[0], where)
+			return nil
+		}
+		shown, err := json.MarshalIndent(values, "", "  ")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		fmt.Println(string(shown))
 		return nil
 
 	case "clear":
@@ -445,10 +509,18 @@ func settingsCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		return nil
 
 	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("settings has no %q; it has set and clear", args[0])
+		return fmt.Errorf("settings has no %q; it has show, set and clear", args[0])
 	}
 }
 
+// nodeFlag is ` --node <node>` for a machine's layer, nothing for the whole mesh's.
+func nodeFlag(node string) string {
+	if node == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return " --node " + node
+}
+
 // describeOffers says what a module provides, and marks the ones answered from anywhere in the
 // mesh — because "provides a database" and "provides a shell" are read the same way and mean
 // entirely different things about where the answer has to be.
@@ -683,7 +755,7 @@ func issueWith(ctx context.Context, inv *inventory.Inventory, m catalogue.Manife
 		Emits: m.EmitsAll(), Consumes: m.Consumes, Serves: m.Tools,
 	}); needed {
 		if busAddress == "" {
-			fmt.Printf("  %s consumes; its consumer is created when the bus is reachable (`push`, then "+
+			fmt.Printf("  %s consumes; its consumer is created when the bus is reachable (`push --behind`, then "+
 				"`rollout mint` again is harmless)\n", m.Module)
 		} else {
 			js, err := broker.Dial(busAddress)
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/plan.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/plan.go
index be9dc8f..648b682 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/plan.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/plan.go
@@ -1185,12 +1185,15 @@ func planCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	// checking it against the host's own parser, most usefully, which is the only way to know
 	// that what the control plane emits is what the host accepts.
 	asJSON := set.Bool("json", false, "print the declaration this node would be sent")
+	// What a push would change, against what the machine was last sent (novox/hq ADR 0217): read
+	// before sending, so a change that removes, moves or recreates something is seen first.
+	asDiff := set.Bool("diff", false, "what a push would change on this node, against what it was last sent")
 	positionals, err := parseAround(set, args)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if len(positionals) != 1 {
-		return errors.New("plan <node> [--files] [--json]")
+		return errors.New("plan <node> [--files] [--json] [--diff]")
 	}
 	args = positionals
 	open, err := openStores(ctx)
@@ -1207,6 +1210,17 @@ func planCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		fmt.Printf("%s is assigned nothing\n", args[0])
 		return nil
 	}
+	if *asDiff {
+		declared, err := declarationFor(ctx, open, args[0], plan, settings)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		body, err := declared.Body()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return writePlanDiff(ctx, open.inventory, args[0], body)
+	}
 	if *asJSON {
 		declared, err := declarationFor(ctx, open, args[0], plan, settings)
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/push.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/push.go
index 0996ace..5b7a934 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/push.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/push.go
@@ -359,14 +359,31 @@ func pushCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	// A push by hand is a repair, and says why (novox/hq to-be 45 §7): required through the seat,
 	// recorded when given at a shell — see handacts.go for why a shell is not refused.
 	why := addHandActFlags(set)
+	// Every machine at once is said, not defaulted to (novox/hq ADR 0217): a bare `push` sent the
+	// whole mesh on 2026-10-05 when its usage was wanted.
+	all := set.Bool("all", false, "every machine")
+	// A running module's data moving is sent only when said, per module (novox/hq ADR 0217).
+	move := set.String("move", "", "modules whose data may move with this push, comma-separated")
 	positionals, err := parseAround(set, args)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	args = positionals
 	if len(args) > 1 {
-		return errors.New("push [<node>] [--behind] — one node, or all of them")
+		return errors.New("push <node> | push --behind | push --all — one machine, the ones behind, or all of them")
 	}
+	if len(args) == 0 && !*behind && !*all {
+		return errors.New("push names a machine, or says --behind (the ones not running what they " +
+			"should) or --all (every machine) — a push to the whole mesh is not the default (novox/hq ADR 0217)")
+	}
+	if *all && (*behind || len(args) == 1) {
+		return errors.New("push --all is every machine; it takes no machine and no --behind")
+	}
+	movable := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, m := range splitModules(*move) {
+		movable[m] = true
+	}
+	var heldBack []string
 	if len(args) == 1 && *behind {
 		// Naming a machine and asking for the ones that need it are two different requests, and
 		// guessing which was meant would sometimes push to a machine somebody did not name.
@@ -377,6 +394,12 @@ func pushCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	if *behind {
 		recorded = append(recorded, "--behind")
 	}
+	if *all {
+		recorded = append(recorded, "--all")
+	}
+	if *move != "" {
+		recorded = append(recorded, "--move", *move)
+	}
 	why.record(ctx, "push", recorded)
 	open, err := openStores(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -587,22 +610,28 @@ func pushCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 	})
 
 	defer release()
+	// A machine whose declaration would move a running module's data is held, and only it (novox/hq
+	// ADR 0217): said, with the command that sends it, and left out of everything below.
+	toSend, err := holdingBack(ctx, inv, sending, movable, &heldBack)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// **What it recreates, said before it is sent** (novox/hq ADR 0245): a person's push moves every
 	// module whose build changed, and recreates what changed in it — a gated send said so, a push did not.
-	sayWhatAPushRecreates(ctx, open, sending, os.Stdout)
+	sayWhatAPushRecreates(ctx, open, toSend, os.Stdout)
 	// Each machine's memberships first, then the declarations (novox/hq issue 249, ADR 0160): a push
 	// is the one most operators run, and on 2026-10-01 it was the one path that issued none.
 	bus := overTheBus{open: open, server: server, signer: ident}
-	sentDigest, err := deliver(ctx, bus, holder, sending)
+	sentDigest, err := deliver(ctx, bus, holder, toSend)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	release()
-	told := make([]string, 0, len(sending))
-	for _, r := range sending {
+	told := make([]string, 0, len(toSend))
+	for _, r := range toSend {
 		told = append(told, r.node)
 	}
-	fmt.Printf("\n%d node(s) told: %s\n", len(sending), strings.Join(told, ", "))
+	fmt.Printf("\n%d node(s) told: %s\n", len(toSend), strings.Join(told, ", "))
 	reportUnheldPushed(os.Stdout, len(args) == 1, asked, unheld)
 
 	// **A named push leaves the mesh consistent, not just the machine it named** (novox/hq
@@ -624,7 +653,12 @@ func pushCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 		for n := range saidHeld {
 			handled[n] = true
 		}
-		refused, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, nodes, handled, composeForPush(open, gens), bus, holder, os.Stdout)
+		// The cascade is a push too, and a machine in it whose data would move is held the same way
+		// (novox/hq ADR 0217).
+		keep := keeping(func(held context.Context, sending []readyNode) ([]readyNode, error) {
+			return holdingBack(held, inv, sending, movable, &heldBack)
+		})
+		refused, err := flushBehind(ctx, open, nodes, handled, composeForPush(open, gens), bus, holder, keep, os.Stdout)
 		refusals = append(refusals, refused...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -639,6 +673,11 @@ func pushCommand(ctx context.Context, args []string) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+	if len(heldBack) > 0 {
+		sort.Strings(heldBack)
+		return fmt.Errorf("held %s: a running module's data would move — see above; nothing was sent "+
+			"there (novox/hq ADR 0217)", strings.Join(heldBack, ", "))
+	}
 	return couldNotBeResolved(refusals, len(sending))
 }
 
@@ -747,7 +786,7 @@ func composeEach(names []string, allot func(node string) (order, error),
 // still sent. Their memberships go before their declarations, as every send's do (issue 249).
 func sendRound(ctx context.Context, open *stores, names []string,
 	compose func(held context.Context, node string) (sendable, error),
-	d delivery, holder string) ([]string, error) {
+	d delivery, holder string, keep keeping) ([]string, error) {
 	held, release, err := holdNodes(ctx, open, names)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -756,12 +795,46 @@ func sendRound(ctx context.Context, open *stores, names []string,
 	sending, refused := composeEach(names, allotting(held, open.inventory), func(node string) (sendable, error) {
 		return compose(held, node)
 	})
+	if keep != nil {
+		if sending, err = keep(held, sending); err != nil {
+			return refused, err
+		}
+	}
 	if _, err := deliver(held, d, holder, sending); err != nil {
 		return refused, err
 	}
 	return refused, nil
 }
 
+// keeping is what a round of sends keeps of the machines it composed, before any is delivered: nil
+// keeps them all. A push holds back the machines whose running modules' data would move (holdingBack).
+type keeping func(held context.Context, sending []readyNode) ([]readyNode, error)
+
+// holdingBack leaves out each machine whose declaration would move a running module's data, says so,
+// and names it among those held back (novox/hq ADR 0217); the rest go on to be delivered, grants first
+// (issue 249). A declaration's body is the same bytes however often it is read.
+func holdingBack(ctx context.Context, inv *inventory.Inventory, sending []readyNode, movable map[string]bool,
+	heldBack *[]string) ([]readyNode, error) {
+	var out []readyNode
+	for _, s := range sending {
+		body, err := s.declared.Body()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		moves, err := heldMoves(ctx, inv, s.node, body, movable)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(moves) > 0 {
+			sayDataHeld(os.Stdout, s.node, moves)
+			*heldBack = append(*heldBack, s.node)
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 // delivery is the two acts of sending machines what they should be, apart, so the order between
 // them is one function's and can be read and tested there (novox/hq issue 249).
 type delivery interface {
@@ -1473,6 +1546,16 @@ func recordSent(ctx context.Context, inv *inventory.Inventory, node string, body
 	if err := inv.RecordSentUnder(kept, record.ID, digest, builds, epoch); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
+	// And what it was, summarised, so the next push can be compared with it (novox/hq ADR 0217).
+	// Never a reason to fail a send that is already away: a summary that cannot be kept means the
+	// next comparison has nothing to hold against, which is how every machine starts.
+	if summary, err := summarize(body); err == nil {
+		if raw, err := json.Marshal(summary); err == nil {
+			if err := inv.RecordSentSummary(kept, record.ID, raw); err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: what it was sent is not kept for comparison: %v\n", node, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	return digest, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs.go
index 90cf5af..351df3e 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs.go
@@ -407,6 +407,10 @@ func (a *verbArguments) commandLine() ([]string, error) {
 		if on("files") {
 			return []string{"plan", str("node"), "--files"}, nil
 		}
+		// What a push would change there (novox/hq ADR 0217); diff with files is passed over, and so refused.
+		if on("diff") {
+			return []string{"plan", str("node"), "--diff"}, nil
+		}
 		return []string{"plan", str("node"), "--json"}, nil
 	case "assign", "unassign":
 		if err := need("node", "module"); err != nil {
@@ -441,10 +445,16 @@ func (a *verbArguments) commandLine() ([]string, error) {
 			// behind is not read here: given with a machine, it is refused as passed over — naming
 			// a machine and asking for every machine behind are two requests, and guessing one
 			// would push a machine nobody named, or not push one somebody did.
-			return append([]string{"push", n, "--wait", "0"}, why...), nil
+			argv := []string{"push", n, "--wait", "0"}
+			// A running module's data moving is sent only when said, per module (novox/hq ADR 0217).
+			if m := str("move"); m != "" {
+				argv = append(argv, "--move", m)
+			}
+			return append(argv, why...), nil
 		}
 		// No machine: the whole mesh, whether or not behind said so. The command's answer says it
-		// first, so a caller who meant one machine reads that it was not one.
+		// first, so a caller who meant one machine reads that it was not one. move is not read: a
+		// machine whose data would move is held and named, and sent by a push that names it.
 		on("behind")
 		return append([]string{"push", "--behind", "--wait", "0"}, why...), nil
 	case "hand-act":
@@ -672,13 +682,21 @@ func (a *verbArguments) commandLine() ([]string, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		var argv []string
-		if on("clear") {
+		switch {
+		case on("clear"):
 			argv = []string{"settings", "clear", str("module")}
-		} else {
-			argv = []string{"settings", "set", str("module")}
-			// Neither values nor clear: the command says its usage, which names both.
-			if v := str("values"); v != "" {
-				argv = append(argv, v)
+		case str("values") != "":
+			argv = []string{"settings", "set", str("module"), str("values")}
+			// What a set removes is refused unless meant (novox/hq ADR 0217).
+			if on("replace") {
+				argv = append(argv, "--replace")
+			}
+		default:
+			// Neither values nor clear: the layer as it stands, which is what a caller reads before
+			// replacing it (novox/hq ADR 0217) — and with history, the layers it replaced.
+			argv = []string{"settings", "show", str("module")}
+			if on("history") {
+				argv = append(argv, "--history")
 			}
 		}
 		if n := str("node"); n != "" {
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_schema_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_schema_test.go
index 35656dc..9ab0339 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_schema_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_schema_test.go
@@ -258,7 +258,11 @@ var accountedFlags = map[string]map[string]string{
 	"seats":  {"json": "set by the verb: the answer is data"},
 	"queue":  {"json": "not set: the verb answers the table a person reads"},
 	"plan":   {"json": "set by the verb unless files is asked"},
-	"push":   {"wait": "set by the verb to 0: a tool call cannot hold a connection for a whole apply"},
+	"push": {
+		"wait": "set by the verb to 0: a tool call cannot hold a connection for a whole apply",
+		"all": "withheld: the verb naming no machine is --behind, and a push of every machine is said at a " +
+			"shell (novox/hq ADR 0217); `command` reaches it",
+	},
 	"build": {
 		"wait":    "set by the verb to 0: the id follows the build (issue 176)",
 		"self":    "set by the verb from the repository's form: a path on the forge, or a URL",
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_test.go
index 0124c7d..64d3799 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/seatverbs_test.go
@@ -72,9 +72,11 @@ func TestSettingsSetsOrClearsALayer(t *testing.T) {
 	if strings.Join(argv, " ") != "settings clear dnsmasq" {
 		t.Fatalf("clear for the mesh: %v", argv)
 	}
+	// Neither values nor clear reads the layer as it stands (novox/hq ADR 0217): what a caller reads
+	// before replacing it, where it used to fall to the command's usage.
 	argv, _ = argvFor("settings", map[string]any{"module": "dnsmasq"})
-	if strings.Join(argv, " ") != "settings set dnsmasq" {
-		t.Fatalf("a set with no values falls to the command's usage: %v", argv)
+	if strings.Join(argv, " ") != "settings show dnsmasq" {
+		t.Fatalf("a call with no values reads the layer: %v", argv)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..543a96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/inventory"
+)
+
+// No change to a machine takes effect unseen (novox/hq ADR 0217, to-be 44).
+//
+// Two incidents in two days had one shape: a change took effect that nobody saw before it did. A
+// provisioner read an unreadable file as "nobody asks" and dropped seven databases (issue 241); one
+// placement set for one module on one machine replaced its whole settings layer, and the plan then
+// ran the module on an empty directory (novox/hq issue 304). Here are the three guards: what a settings layer
+// loses is said and refused unless meant; what a push will change can be read before it is sent; and
+// a running container's data moving holds that machine's push until the operator says so. Each is
+// silent when nothing is at stake, so an ordinary change goes exactly as before.
+
+// ---- 1. what a settings layer loses ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// settingsChange is what replacing one layer with another adds, changes and removes, by dotted path
+// to each leaf — `places.config`, not only `places` — because a layer that keeps a key and loses one
+// of its entries has lost something just the same: on 2026-10-05 a node's `places` kept its name and
+// lost three of its four directories.
+func settingsChange(before, after map[string]any) (added, changed, removed []string) {
+	was, now := leaves(before, ""), leaves(after, "")
+	for path, v := range now {
+		old, had := was[path]
+		switch {
+		case !had:
+			added = append(added, path)
+		case !reflect.DeepEqual(old, v):
+			changed = append(changed, path)
+		}
+	}
+	for path := range was {
+		if _, kept := now[path]; !kept {
+			removed = append(removed, path)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(added)
+	sort.Strings(changed)
+	sort.Strings(removed)
+	return added, changed, removed
+}
+
+// leaves flattens a settings layer to its leaves by dotted path; a list is a leaf, compared whole.
+func leaves(m map[string]any, prefix string) map[string]any {
+	out := map[string]any{}
+	for k, v := range m {
+		path := k
+		if prefix != "" {
+			path = prefix + "." + k
+		}
+		if inner, ok := v.(map[string]any); ok && len(inner) > 0 {
+			for p, leaf := range leaves(inner, path) {
+				out[p] = leaf
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		out[path] = v
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// ---- 2. what a push will change -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// sentResource is what is kept of one resource a machine was sent: enough to say what changed and
+// whether a container's data moved, and nothing that could carry a secret — a file's content is
+// kept as a digest, never as text (the record lands in the store's own backups).
+type sentResource struct {
+	ID   string `json:"id"`
+	Type string `json:"type"`
+	// Digest is of the whole resource as it was sent.
+	Digest string `json:"digest"`
+	// Fields is each field's digest, so a change can be named by field.
+	Fields map[string]string `json:"fields"`
+	// Volumes is a container's mounts as sent — paths, which are not secrets, and what a moved
+	// data directory is read from.
+	Volumes []string `json:"volumes,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// summarize is what is kept of a declaration body: its resources, in the order sent.
+func summarize(body []byte) ([]sentResource, error) {
+	var envelope struct {
+		Resources []map[string]any `json:"resources"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(body, &envelope); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a declaration that is not one: %w", err)
+	}
+	out := make([]sentResource, 0, len(envelope.Resources))
+	for _, r := range envelope.Resources {
+		s := sentResource{ID: fmt.Sprint(r["id"]), Type: fmt.Sprint(r["type"]), Digest: digestValue(r),
+			Fields: map[string]string{}}
+		for k, v := range r {
+			s.Fields[k] = digestValue(v)
+		}
+		if s.Type == "container" {
+			if vols, ok := r["volumes"].([]any); ok {
+				for _, v := range vols {
+					s.Volumes = append(s.Volumes, fmt.Sprint(v))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+func digestValue(v any) string {
+	raw, _ := json.Marshal(v)
+	sum := sha256.Sum256(raw)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:8])
+}
+
+// changedResource is one resource sent differently, with the fields that differ.
+type changedResource struct {
+	ID, Type string
+	Fields   []string
+}
+
+// sentDiff is what would be sent now against what was sent last, by resource id.
+type sentDiff struct {
+	Added, Removed []string
+	Changed        []changedResource
+}
+
+func (d sentDiff) empty() bool {
+	return len(d.Added) == 0 && len(d.Removed) == 0 && len(d.Changed) == 0
+}
+
+func diffSent(before, after []sentResource) sentDiff {
+	was := map[string]sentResource{}
+	for _, r := range before {
+		was[r.ID] = r
+	}
+	var d sentDiff
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, r := range after {
+		seen[r.ID] = true
+		old, had := was[r.ID]
+		if !had {
+			d.Added = append(d.Added, r.ID)
+			continue
+		}
+		if old.Digest == r.Digest {
+			continue
+		}
+		c := changedResource{ID: r.ID, Type: r.Type}
+		for k, v := range r.Fields {
+			if old.Fields[k] != v {
+				c.Fields = append(c.Fields, k)
+			}
+		}
+		for k := range old.Fields {
+			if _, kept := r.Fields[k]; !kept {
+				c.Fields = append(c.Fields, k)
+			}
+		}
+		sort.Strings(c.Fields)
+		d.Changed = append(d.Changed, c)
+	}
+	for _, r := range before {
+		if !seen[r.ID] {
+			d.Removed = append(d.Removed, r.ID)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(d.Added)
+	sort.Strings(d.Removed)
+	sort.Slice(d.Changed, func(a, b int) bool { return d.Changed[a].ID < d.Changed[b].ID })
+	return d
+}
+
+// writeDiff says a diff the way a person reads one: what is added, removed and changed, and a
+// changed container's fields — a container sent differently is a container recreated.
+func writeDiff(w io.Writer, node string, d sentDiff, moves []dataMove) {
+	if d.empty() {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s: nothing would change — it was last sent exactly this\n", node)
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "%s would change:\n", node)
+	for _, id := range d.Added {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  + %s\n", id)
+	}
+	for _, id := range d.Removed {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  - %s\n", id)
+	}
+	for _, c := range d.Changed {
+		what := "changed"
+		if c.Type == "container" {
+			what = "recreated"
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  ~ %s %s: %s\n", c.ID, what, strings.Join(c.Fields, ", "))
+	}
+	writeMoves(w, node, moves)
+}
+
+// ---- 3. a running module's data moving ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// dataMove is a container keeping a mount at the same place inside it with a different directory
+// on the machine behind it: its data moving — or, as on 2026-10-05, a module about to start on an
+// empty directory because the placement that pointed at its data was lost.
+type dataMove struct {
+	Container, Inside, From, To string
+}
+
+// Module is the module the container belongs to: resource ids are `<module>.<id>`.
+func (m dataMove) Module() string {
+	module, _, _ := strings.Cut(m.Container, ".")
+	return module
+}
+
+// movesIn is every data move between what a machine was sent and what it would be sent. A new
+// container, a mount added or dropped and a changed image are not moves.
+func movesIn(before, after []sentResource) []dataMove {
+	was := map[string]sentResource{}
+	for _, r := range before {
+		if r.Type == "container" {
+			was[r.ID] = r
+		}
+	}
+	var out []dataMove
+	for _, r := range after {
+		old, had := was[r.ID]
+		if r.Type != "container" || !had {
+			continue
+		}
+		from := mountSources(old.Volumes)
+		for inside, to := range mountSources(r.Volumes) {
+			if prev, mounted := from[inside]; mounted && prev != to {
+				out = append(out, dataMove{Container: r.ID, Inside: inside, From: prev, To: to})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Slice(out, func(a, b int) bool {
+		if out[a].Container != out[b].Container {
+			return out[a].Container < out[b].Container
+		}
+		return out[a].Inside < out[b].Inside
+	})
+	return out
+}
+
+// mountSources is a container's mounts by the place inside it: `source:inside[:options]`.
+func mountSources(volumes []string) map[string]string {
+	out := map[string]string{}
+	for _, v := range volumes {
+		parts := strings.SplitN(v, ":", 3)
+		if len(parts) < 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+		out[parts[1]] = parts[0]
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func writeMoves(w io.Writer, node string, moves []dataMove) {
+	for _, m := range moves {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  ! %s: %s moves from %s to %s\n", m.Container, m.Inside, m.From, m.To)
+	}
+}
+
+// heldMoves is the moves in a push to one machine that the operator has not said to send (`--move
+// <module>`); empty when there is nothing to hold, including a machine never sent anything before.
+func heldMoves(ctx context.Context, inv *inventory.Inventory, node string, body []byte, allowed map[string]bool) ([]dataMove, error) {
+	prev, err := inv.SentSummary(ctx, node)
+	if err != nil || len(prev) == 0 {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var before []sentResource
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(prev, &before); err != nil {
+		// A record this version cannot read compares with nothing: holding every push for it would
+		// stop the mesh on a format, which is not what is at stake. Said, so it is not passed over.
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: what it was last sent is kept in a form this version does not read, "+
+			"so whether its data would move is not known: %v\n", node, err)
+		// empty-on-error: said above; the send replaces the unreadable record with one this version reads
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	after, err := summarize(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var held []dataMove
+	for _, m := range movesIn(before, after) {
+		if !allowed[m.Module()] {
+			held = append(held, m)
+		}
+	}
+	return held, nil
+}
+
+// sayDataHeld tells the operator why a machine was not sent, and how to send it.
+func sayDataHeld(w io.Writer, node string, moves []dataMove) {
+	modules := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, m := range moves {
+		modules[m.Module()] = true
+	}
+	var names []string
+	for m := range modules {
+		names = append(names, m)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "held %s: a running module's data would move (novox/hq ADR 0217)\n", node)
+	writeMoves(w, node, moves)
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "  if that is meant: push %s --move %s\n", node, strings.Join(names, ","))
+}
+
+// writePlanDiff says what sending body to a machine would change against what it was last sent.
+func writePlanDiff(ctx context.Context, inv *inventory.Inventory, node string, body []byte) error {
+	after, err := summarize(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	prev, err := inv.SentSummary(ctx, node)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(prev) == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("%s: what it was last sent is not kept yet — the first push from this version keeps "+
+			"it; %d resource(s) would be sent\n", node, len(after))
+		return nil
+	}
+	var before []sentResource
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(prev, &before); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: what it was last sent is kept in a form this version does not read: %w", node, err)
+	}
+	writeDiff(os.Stdout, node, diffSent(before, after), movesIn(before, after))
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32f9ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/unseen_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// novox/hq ADR 0217: no change to a machine takes effect unseen.
+
+// The layer of 2026-10-05: a media server's node layer, and the one that replaced it, which kept
+// `places` and lost three of its four directories and every other key.
+var before = map[string]any{
+	"puid": 1000.0, "pgid": 1000.0,
+	"expose": map[string]any{"32400": "anywhere"},
+	"places": map[string]any{
+		"config":    map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/config", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+		"data":      map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/data", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+		"transcode": map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/temp", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+	},
+}
+
+func TestASettingThatKeepsAKeyAndLosesItsEntriesIsSaidToRemoveThem(t *testing.T) {
+	after := map[string]any{"places": map[string]any{
+		"previews": map[string]any{"path": "/srv/pool/previews", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+	}}
+	added, changed, removed := settingsChange(before, after)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(added, []string{"places.previews.owner", "places.previews.path"}) {
+		t.Errorf("added %v", added)
+	}
+	if len(changed) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("changed %v", changed)
+	}
+	for _, lost := range []string{"expose.32400", "pgid", "places.config.path", "places.data.owner", "puid"} {
+		found := false
+		for _, r := range removed {
+			found = found || r == lost
+		}
+		if !found {
+			t.Errorf("removing %s was not said: %v", lost, removed)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestASettingThatOnlyAddsOrChangesRemovesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	after := map[string]any{
+		"puid": 1001.0, "pgid": 1000.0,
+		"expose": map[string]any{"32400": "anywhere"},
+		"places": map[string]any{
+			"config":    map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/config", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+			"data":      map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/data", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+			"transcode": map[string]any{"path": "/srv/media/temp", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+			"previews":  map[string]any{"path": "/srv/pool/previews", "owner": "1000:1000"},
+		},
+	}
+	_, changed, removed := settingsChange(before, after)
+	if len(removed) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("an additive set was said to remove %v", removed)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(changed, []string{"puid"}) {
+		t.Errorf("changed %v", changed)
+	}
+}
+
+// What was sent, as a push would send it: a media server's container and a file with a secret.
+func declaration(configFrom string, extra ...string) []byte {
+	vols := `"` + configFrom + `:/config", "/srv/media/data:/data"`
+	for _, e := range extra {
+		vols += `, "` + e + `"`
+	}
+	return []byte(`{"declaration":1,"sequence":7,"resources":[
+		{"id":"plex.server","type":"container","image":"plex@sha256:aa","volumes":[` + vols + `]},
+		{"id":"plex.env","type":"file","path":"/srv/media/env","content":"TOKEN=the-secret-itself"}]}`)
+}
+
+func summarized(t *testing.T, body []byte) []sentResource {
+	t.Helper()
+	s, err := summarize(body)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func TestWhatIsKeptOfASendHoldsNoFileContent(t *testing.T) {
+	s := summarized(t, declaration("/srv/media/config"))
+	var kept bytes.Buffer
+	for _, r := range s {
+		kept.WriteString(r.ID + r.Type + r.Digest + strings.Join(r.Volumes, ","))
+		for k, v := range r.Fields {
+			kept.WriteString(k + v)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(kept.String(), "the-secret-itself") {
+		t.Fatal("a file's content was kept in the record of what was sent")
+	}
+	if len(s) != 2 || s[0].Volumes[0] != "/srv/media/config:/config" {
+		t.Fatalf("summary %+v", s)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestADiffOfAnUnchangedMachineIsEmptyAndAChangedContainerNamesItsField(t *testing.T) {
+	was := summarized(t, declaration("/srv/media/config"))
+	if d := diffSent(was, summarized(t, declaration("/srv/media/config"))); !d.empty() {
+		t.Fatalf("an unchanged machine differs: %+v", d)
+	}
+	d := diffSent(was, summarized(t, declaration("/var/lib/plex/config")))
+	if len(d.Changed) != 1 || d.Changed[0].ID != "plex.server" || !reflect.DeepEqual(d.Changed[0].Fields, []string{"volumes"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("diff %+v", d)
+	}
+	var out bytes.Buffer
+	writeDiff(&out, "home", d, movesIn(was, summarized(t, declaration("/var/lib/plex/config"))))
+	for _, want := range []string{"~ plex.server recreated: volumes", "! plex.server: /config moves from /srv/media/config to /var/lib/plex/config"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(out.String(), want) {
+			t.Errorf("diff does not say %q:\n%s", want, out.String())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The incident: the configuration mount would move to an empty default directory.
+func TestARunningContainersDataMovingIsAMoveAndAnAddedMountIsNot(t *testing.T) {
+	was := summarized(t, declaration("/srv/media/config"))
+	moves := movesIn(was, summarized(t, declaration("/var/lib/plex/config")))
+	want := []dataMove{{Container: "plex.server", Inside: "/config", From: "/srv/media/config", To: "/var/lib/plex/config"}}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(moves, want) {
+		t.Fatalf("moves %+v", moves)
+	}
+	if moves[0].Module() != "plex" {
+		t.Errorf("module %q", moves[0].Module())
+	}
+	// A mount added — the previews of 2026-10-05 — is not a move.
+	if m := movesIn(was, summarized(t, declaration("/srv/media/config", "/srv/pool/previews:/config/Media"))); len(m) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("an added mount was held as a move: %+v", m)
+	}
+	// Nor is a container the machine never ran.
+	if m := movesIn(nil, was); len(m) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("a first send was held as a move: %+v", m)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAPushNamingNoMachineIsRefusedUnlessItSaysAll(t *testing.T) {
+	err := pushCommand(context.Background(), nil)
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "--all") {
+		t.Fatalf("a bare push was not refused: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := pushCommand(context.Background(), []string{"--all", "--behind"}); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("--all with --behind was accepted")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTheVerbsCarryReadReplaceAndMove(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		verb string
+		args map[string]any
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{"settings", map[string]any{"module": "plex", "node": "home"}, []string{"settings", "show", "plex", "--node", "home"}},
+		{"settings", map[string]any{"module": "plex", "history": "true"}, []string{"settings", "show", "plex", "--history"}},
+		{"settings", map[string]any{"module": "plex", "values": "{}", "replace": "true"}, []string{"settings", "set", "plex", "{}", "--replace"}},
+		{"push", map[string]any{"node": "home", "move": "plex", "why": "w"},
+			[]string{"push", "home", "--wait", "0", "--move", "plex", "--why", "w"}},
+		{"push", map[string]any{"why": "w"}, []string{"push", "--behind", "--wait", "0", "--why", "w"}},
+		{"plan", map[string]any{"node": "home", "diff": "true"}, []string{"plan", "home", "--diff"}},
+	} {
+		got, err := argvFor(c.verb, c.args)
+		if err != nil || !reflect.DeepEqual(got, c.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%s %v: %v %v, want %v", c.verb, c.args, got, err, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// An argument of the guards given where it cannot take effect is refused, not passed over (issue 244):
+// a move with no machine named, a replace beside a clear, a history beside values, a diff beside files.
+func TestTheGuardsArgumentsAreNotPassedOver(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		verb string
+		args map[string]any
+	}{
+		{"push", map[string]any{"move": "plex", "why": "w"}},
+		{"settings", map[string]any{"module": "plex", "clear": "true", "replace": "true"}},
+		{"settings", map[string]any{"module": "plex", "values": "{}", "history": "true"}},
+		{"plan", map[string]any{"node": "home", "files": "true", "diff": "true"}},
+	} {
+		if argv, err := argvFor(c.verb, c.args); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s %v was taken as %v, and an argument passed over", c.verb, c.args, argv)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/catalogue/verbs.go b/internal/catalogue/verbs.go
index 5e96e81..94f3c61 100644
--- a/internal/catalogue/verbs.go
+++ b/internal/catalogue/verbs.go
@@ -168,11 +168,14 @@ var ControllerVerbs = []Verb{
 		Input: schema(map[string]string{"plan": "one walk's id", "limit": "how many ended walks beside the open ones (default 50)"},
 			nil)},
 	{Name: "plan", Description: "What one machine would run, and why: the declaration the mesh would send it — " +
-		"or, with files, the files it would be given.",
+		"or, with files, the files it would be given; or, with diff, what a push would change there against what " +
+		"it was last sent: resources added, removed and changed, a container's changed fields (it is recreated), " +
+		"and any mount whose directory on the machine would move (novox/hq ADR 0217).",
 		Input: schema(map[string]string{
 			"node":  "the machine's name",
 			"files": "\"true\": the files this machine would be given, instead of the declaration as JSON",
-		}, []string{"node"}, "files")},
+			"diff":  "\"true\": what a push would change on this machine, against what it was last sent; not with files",
+		}, []string{"node"}, "files", "diff")},
 	{Name: "assign", Description: "Put a module on a machine. Refused with the mesh's own words when it cannot resolve there, " +
 		"or when a seat its resources are applied through is held by nothing on the machine (novox/hq ADR 0207).",
 		Input: schema(map[string]string{"node": "the machine's name",
@@ -194,9 +197,12 @@ var ControllerVerbs = []Verb{
 		"WHOLE mesh — every machine that is behind — and the answer says so first; behind says that outright. " +
 		"Answers at once that it is running, with a call id: `calls` with that id says what it sent " +
 		"(a push can reload the bus, which then refuses any answer still to come). A push by hand is a repair, " +
-		"and says why: recorded in the hand-act log (novox/hq to-be 45 §7).",
+		"and says why: recorded in the hand-act log (novox/hq to-be 45 §7). A machine whose push would give a " +
+		"running module's data another directory is held and named, the others sent (novox/hq ADR 0217): read " +
+		"`plan` with diff, and name the machine with move to send it.",
 		Input: schema(map[string]string{
 			"node":   "the machine's name; without it, every machine that is behind",
+			"move":   "with node: the modules whose data may move with this push, comma-separated (optional)",
 			"behind": "\"true\": every machine that is behind, the whole mesh — the same as naming none, said outright; not with node",
 			"why":    "why this is pushed by hand: recorded in the hand-act log",
 			"cause":  "the cause in a word, or a condition's kind — the word a second push for the same reason uses (optional)",
@@ -222,15 +228,20 @@ var ControllerVerbs = []Verb{
 			"node":   "the machine that runs the module",
 			"module": "the module's name",
 		}, []string{"node", "module"})},
-	{Name: "settings", Description: "Set what an assignment is configured with: a module's settings for the whole mesh, " +
-		"or for one machine. Replaces that layer whole — what it does not name, it no longer sets — and takes effect " +
-		"at the next push. With clear, removes the layer and the module is back to what its definition says.",
+	{Name: "settings", Description: "Read or set what an assignment is configured with: a module's settings for the whole " +
+		"mesh, or for one machine. Without values or clear, answers the layer as it stands — read it before setting it; " +
+		"with history, the layers it replaced. Setting replaces that layer whole and answers each key it adds (+), " +
+		"changes (~) and removes (-); a set that would remove a key is refused unless replace says it is meant " +
+		"(novox/hq ADR 0217). Takes effect at the next push. With clear, removes the layer and the module is back to " +
+		"what its definition says; a cleared or replaced layer is kept in the history.",
 		Input: schema(map[string]string{
-			"module": "the module's name",
-			"values": "the settings as a JSON object, for set",
-			"node":   "one machine; the whole mesh when absent",
-			"clear":  "\"true\" to remove the layer instead of setting it; not with values",
-		}, []string{"module"}, "clear")},
+			"module":  "the module's name",
+			"values":  "the settings as a JSON object, for set",
+			"node":    "one machine; the whole mesh when absent",
+			"clear":   "\"true\" to remove the layer instead of setting it; not with values",
+			"replace": "\"true\": with values, the set is meant to remove the keys the layer had and it does not name",
+			"history": "\"true\": without values or clear, the layers this one replaced, the latest first",
+		}, []string{"module"}, "clear", "replace", "history")},
 	{Name: "command", Description: "Run one command line of the controller's own, as you would type it at its " +
 		"shell — `node account g14 jochen`, `node show ace`, `module list` — and answer what it printed. The " +
 		"generic verb beside the named ones (novox/hq ADR 0154): everything the binary can do, without a verb " +
diff --git a/internal/inventory/catalogue.go b/internal/inventory/catalogue.go
index fd56782..1fd0cbd 100644
--- a/internal/inventory/catalogue.go
+++ b/internal/inventory/catalogue.go
@@ -793,11 +793,23 @@ func (i *Inventory) setSettings(ctx context.Context, nodeName, module string, va
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %s is given per node — a port is a fact about one machine; "+
 				"set it with --node", module, catalogue.PortsSetting)
 		}
-		_, err = i.store.Pool().Exec(ctx,
+		// The layer it replaces is kept (novox/hq ADR 0217), in the same transaction as the write: a
+		// previous value is one command away, not in a backup, and a write that fails leaves no history.
+		tx, err := i.store.Pool().Begin(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer func() { _ = tx.Rollback(context.WithoutCancel(ctx)) }()
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx, keepReplacedSQL, module, nil, "set"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
 			`insert into settings (node, module, values) values (null, $1, $2)
 			 on conflict (module) where node is null
-			 do update set values = excluded.values, set_at = now()`, module, raw)
-		return wrapModule(err, module)
+			 do update set values = excluded.values, set_at = now()`, module, raw); err != nil {
+			return wrapModule(err, module)
+		}
+		return tx.Commit(ctx)
 	}
 	node, err := i.NodeByName(ctx, nodeName)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -817,6 +829,10 @@ func (i *Inventory) setSettings(ctx context.Context, nodeName, module string, va
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+	// The layer it replaces is kept (novox/hq ADR 0217), in the same transaction as the write.
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx, keepReplacedSQL, module, node.ID, "set"); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	_, err = tx.Exec(ctx,
 		`insert into settings (node, module, values) values ($1, $2, $3)
 		 on conflict (node, module) where node is not null
@@ -1009,18 +1025,24 @@ func wrapModule(err error, module string) error {
 
 // ClearSettings removes a layer.
 func (i *Inventory) ClearSettings(ctx context.Context, nodeName, module string) error {
-	if nodeName == "" {
-		_, err := i.store.Pool().Exec(ctx,
-			`delete from settings where module = $1 and node is null`, module)
-		return err
-	}
-	node, err := i.NodeByName(ctx, nodeName)
+	nodeID, err := i.layerNode(ctx, nodeName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = i.store.Pool().Exec(ctx,
-		`delete from settings where module = $1 and node = $2`, module, node.ID)
-	return err
+	// The layer it removes is kept (novox/hq ADR 0217), in the same transaction as the removal.
+	tx, err := i.store.Pool().Begin(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = tx.Rollback(context.WithoutCancel(ctx)) }()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx, keepReplacedSQL, module, nodeID, "clear"); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(ctx,
+		`delete from settings where module = $1 and node is not distinct from $2::uuid`, module, nodeID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit(ctx)
 }
 
 // SettingsFor is the layers that apply to one module on one node, in the order they are applied.
diff --git a/internal/inventory/migrations/0078-what-a-change-replaces.sql b/internal/inventory/migrations/0078-what-a-change-replaces.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a6ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/inventory/migrations/0078-what-a-change-replaces.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+-- What a change replaces (novox/hq ADR 0217, to-be 44).
+--
+-- Two records the mesh did not keep, and each time a change took effect unseen it was the one
+-- missing. A settings layer is replaced whole, and the layer it replaced was nowhere: on 2026-10-05
+-- one placement set for one module on one machine dropped that machine's whole layer for it, and
+-- the old one was read back from a database backup (novox/hq issue 304). And of what a machine was sent the
+-- mesh kept only a digest — enough to say *whether* it changed, never *what*.
+
+-- Every layer that was replaced or cleared, with when it had been set and when it went. Not a
+-- foreign key to settings: the row it was is the row being replaced.
+create table settings_history (
+    node        uuid        references node(id) on delete cascade,
+    module      text        not null,
+    values      jsonb       not null,
+    set_at      timestamptz,
+    replaced_at timestamptz not null default now(),
+    -- set · clear
+    replaced_by text        not null
+);
+create index settings_history_by_layer on settings_history (module, node, replaced_at desc);
+
+-- What a machine was last sent, summarised: per resource its id, type, a digest of it and of each
+-- field, and a container's mounts. Not the declaration: a file's content may carry a secret, and
+-- this lands in the store's backups. Read only to compare a plan with what was sent; what a machine
+-- *should* be is composed from the mesh's records every time, as before (migration 0014).
+alter table node add column sent_summary jsonb;
diff --git a/internal/inventory/unseen.go b/internal/inventory/unseen.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be7e482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/inventory/unseen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package inventory
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+)
+
+// What a change replaces (novox/hq ADR 0217, to-be 44): the settings layer a set or a clear replaced,
+// and a summary of what a machine was last sent. Both were missing when a change took effect unseen.
+
+// Layer is one settings layer as it stands — the whole mesh's when nodeName is empty — and whether
+// there is one. A layer is replaced whole when set; reading it first is how one key is changed
+// without losing the others.
+func (i *Inventory) Layer(ctx context.Context, nodeName, module string) (map[string]any, bool, error) {
+	nodeID, err := i.layerNode(ctx, nodeName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	var raw []byte
+	err = i.store.Pool().QueryRow(ctx,
+		`select values from settings where module = $1 and node is not distinct from $2::uuid`,
+		module, nodeID).Scan(&raw)
+	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
+		return nil, false, nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	values := map[string]any{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &values); err != nil {
+		return nil, false, err
+	}
+	return values, true, nil
+}
+
+// PastLayer is a layer that was replaced or cleared.
+type PastLayer struct {
+	Values     map[string]any
+	SetAt      *time.Time
+	ReplacedAt time.Time
+	// ReplacedBy is "set" or "clear".
+	ReplacedBy string
+}
+
+// SettingsHistory is every layer of one module on one machine — the whole mesh's when nodeName is
+// empty — that was replaced or cleared, the latest first.
+func (i *Inventory) SettingsHistory(ctx context.Context, nodeName, module string) ([]PastLayer, error) {
+	nodeID, err := i.layerNode(ctx, nodeName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	rows, err := i.store.Pool().Query(ctx,
+		`select values, set_at, replaced_at, replaced_by from settings_history
+		  where module = $1 and node is not distinct from $2::uuid order by replaced_at desc`,
+		module, nodeID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var out []PastLayer
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var raw []byte
+		var p PastLayer
+		if err := rows.Scan(&raw, &p.SetAt, &p.ReplacedAt, &p.ReplacedBy); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &p.Values); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out = append(out, p)
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}
+
+// keepReplacedSQL copies a layer into the history before it is replaced or cleared; run in the same
+// transaction as the write where there is one, so a write that fails leaves no history of it.
+const keepReplacedSQL = `insert into settings_history (node, module, values, set_at, replaced_by)
+	select node, module, values, set_at, $3 from settings
+	 where module = $1 and node is not distinct from $2::uuid`
+
+// layerNode is the node id of a layer, nil for the whole mesh's.
+func (i *Inventory) layerNode(ctx context.Context, nodeName string) (*string, error) {
+	if nodeName == "" {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	n, err := i.NodeByName(ctx, nodeName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &n.ID, nil
+}
+
+// RecordSentSummary keeps what a machine was last sent, summarised (migration 0078): read only to
+// compare what would be sent with it, never as what the machine should be.
+func (i *Inventory) RecordSentSummary(ctx context.Context, node string, summary []byte) error {
+	_, err := i.store.Pool().Exec(ctx, `update node set sent_summary = $2 where id = $1`, node, summary)
+	return err
+}
+
+// SentSummary is what a machine was last sent, summarised, by its name; empty for a machine sent
+// nothing since the summary was first kept.
+func (i *Inventory) SentSummary(ctx context.Context, name string) ([]byte, error) {
+	var raw []byte
+	err := i.store.Pool().QueryRow(ctx,
+		`select sent_summary from node where name = $1`, name).Scan(&raw)
+	if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return raw, err
+}
diff --git a/internal/inventory/unseen_test.go b/internal/inventory/unseen_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..73a9803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/inventory/unseen_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+package inventory
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/catalogue"
+)
+
+// novox/hq ADR 0217: a settings layer can be read, and the one a set or a clear replaced is kept, so
+// a previous value is one command away rather than in a database backup (novox/hq issue 304).
+func TestTheLayerASetReplacesIsKeptAndReadable(t *testing.T) {
+	inv := fresh(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	if _, err := inv.AddNode(ctx, "anchor"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	web := catalogue.Manifest{Module: "web", Version: "1",
+		Resources: []map[string]any{
+			{"id": "server", "type": "container", "name": "web", "image": "x"},
+			{"id": "conf", "type": "file", "path": "/etc/web.json", "content": "{}", "merge": "json"},
+		}}
+	if err := inv.RegisterModule(ctx, web, Source{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if _, has, err := inv.Layer(ctx, "anchor", "web"); err != nil || has {
+		t.Fatalf("a layer nobody set: %v %v", has, err)
+	}
+	first := map[string]any{"colour": "blue", "size": "large"}
+	if err := inv.SetSettings(ctx, "anchor", "web", first); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	got, has, err := inv.Layer(ctx, "anchor", "web")
+	if err != nil || !has || got["colour"] != "blue" || got["size"] != "large" {
+		t.Fatalf("the layer read back: %v %v %v", got, has, err)
+	}
+	if past, err := inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, "anchor", "web"); err != nil || len(past) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("a first set replaced something: %v %v", past, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := inv.SetSettings(ctx, "anchor", "web", map[string]any{"colour": "red"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := inv.ClearSettings(ctx, "anchor", "web"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	past, err := inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, "anchor", "web")
+	if err != nil || len(past) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("history %v %v", past, err)
+	}
+	// The latest first: the clear took the red layer, the set took the first.
+	if past[0].ReplacedBy != "clear" || past[0].Values["colour"] != "red" {
+		t.Errorf("the cleared layer: %+v", past[0])
+	}
+	if past[1].ReplacedBy != "set" || past[1].Values["size"] != "large" {
+		t.Errorf("the replaced layer still has what the set dropped: %+v", past[1])
+	}
+	// The mesh-wide layer keeps its own history, apart from the node's.
+	if err := inv.SetSettings(ctx, "", "web", map[string]any{"colour": "green"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := inv.SetSettings(ctx, "", "web", map[string]any{"colour": "grey"}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mesh, err := inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, "", "web")
+	if err != nil || len(mesh) != 1 || mesh[0].Values["colour"] != "green" {
+		t.Fatalf("the mesh-wide history %v %v", mesh, err)
+	}
+	// And a mesh-wide clear keeps the layer it removes, beside the node's untouched.
+	if err := inv.ClearSettings(ctx, "", "web"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, has, err := inv.Layer(ctx, "", "web"); err != nil || has {
+		t.Fatalf("a cleared mesh-wide layer is still there: %v %v", has, err)
+	}
+	mesh, err = inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, "", "web")
+	if err != nil || len(mesh) != 2 || mesh[0].ReplacedBy != "clear" || mesh[0].Values["colour"] != "grey" {
+		t.Fatalf("the mesh-wide clear was not kept: %+v %v", mesh, err)
+	}
+	if past, err := inv.SettingsHistory(ctx, "anchor", "web"); err != nil || len(past) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("the node's history changed with the mesh's: %v %v", past, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// What a machine was last sent is kept, summarised, and read back by its name; a machine sent
+// nothing since has nothing to compare with.
+func TestWhatAMachineWasSentIsKeptForComparison(t *testing.T) {
+	inv := fresh(t)
+	ctx := t.Context()
+	n, err := inv.AddNode(ctx, "anchor")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if got, err := inv.SentSummary(ctx, "anchor"); err != nil || len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("a machine never sent anything: %s %v", got, err)
+	}
+	if err := inv.RecordSentSummary(ctx, n.ID, []byte(`[{"id":"web.server","type":"container"}]`)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	got, err := inv.SentSummary(ctx, "anchor")
+	if err != nil || len(got) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("read back: %s %v", got, err)
+	}
+}