diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/bindings_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/bindings_test.go
index ce693e1..0a6ed5b 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/bindings_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/bindings_test.go
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func TestBindingFindingsSayAKeptMoveAndAMoveNothingAskedFor(t *testing.T) {
 		"game":    {"postgres-database": home},
 		"network": {"wildcard-resolution": {Node: "home", Module: "resolver"}},
 	}
-	found := bindingFindings(plan, bound, nil)
+	found := linted(bindingFindings(plan, bound, nil))
 	if len(found) != 2 {
 		t.Fatalf("found %+v", found)
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/confirm.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/confirm.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eac5a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/confirm.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/conditions"
+)
+
+// **A finding one look can be wrong about is raised on the second look in a row** (novox/hq issue 277).
+//
+// D2 raised its resolver urgent on one unanswered question, asked once, while the resolver's machine
+// was loaded by a push and a build starting; thirty questions right after were answered at once. A
+// single sample of something that is answered over the network, or timed on a machine under load,
+// is not the invariant failing. So a source marks such a finding `Confirm`, and this holds it back:
+//
+//   - raised when the source's previous look saw it too — two runs of the self-check in a row (five
+//     minutes apart), or two ticks of the watchdogs (half a minute) — at the severity the source says;
+//   - kept while it is already open, however it is seen, so a condition the next look still sees is
+//     never cleared and raised again (flapping is not news; a reopening within ReopenWithin still is);
+//   - cleared, as everything is, by the look that no longer sees it.
+//
+// A finding held back is not a pass: the self-check's verdict names it as unconfirmed. A finding that is
+// a definite answer — a resolver that answered wrongly, a stream that is not there — is not marked, and
+// is raised at once.
+type confirming struct {
+	mu sync.Mutex
+	// last is, by source, the keys of the Confirm findings its previous look saw.
+	last map[string]map[string]bool
+}
+
+// pass splits one source's findings into what is raised now and what is held for the next look, and
+// remembers what it saw. An open condition that cannot be read is kept: unknown is not a reason to
+// hold a finding back.
+func (c *confirming) pass(ctx context.Context, keeper *conditions.Keeper, source string,
+	found []conditions.Observation) (raise, held []conditions.Observation) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if c.last == nil {
+		c.last = map[string]map[string]bool{}
+	}
+	before, seen := c.last[source], map[string]bool{}
+	for _, o := range found {
+		if !o.Confirm {
+			raise = append(raise, o)
+			continue
+		}
+		key := o.Key()
+		seen[key] = true
+		if before[key] || isOpen(ctx, keeper, key) {
+			raise = append(raise, o)
+			continue
+		}
+		held = append(held, o)
+	}
+	c.last[source] = seen
+	return raise, held
+}
+
+// isOpen says whether a condition is open; one that cannot be read is taken as open.
+func isOpen(ctx context.Context, keeper *conditions.Keeper, key string) bool {
+	if keeper == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	_, open, err := keeper.Get(ctx, key)
+	return open || err != nil
+}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/data.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/data.go
index 3615caa..142e216 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/data.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/data.go
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ func probeData(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error)
 	for _, m := range machines {
 		if m.askErr != nil {
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine, ID: m.name, Token: kindDataUnmeasured,
-				Kind: kindDataUnmeasured, Machine: m.name, Severity: conditions.Warning,
+				Kind: kindDataUnmeasured, Machine: m.name, Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
 				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s's backup holder did not say what it measured of the data declared there, so "+
-					"nothing about that data is known this run: %s", m.name, firstLine(m.askErr.Error())),
+					"nothing about that data is known", m.name),
 				Said: firstLine(m.askErr.Error())})
 		}
 		why := fmt.Sprintf("no longer declared on %s: its module was unassigned there, or is no longer pulled in", m.name)
@@ -407,10 +407,11 @@ func dataFindings(records []inventory.DataRecord, peaks map[string]int64, shelf
 			if now.Sub(*r.RetiredAt) > cleanupAfter {
 				out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine, ID: id, Token: "cleanup",
 					Kind: kindCleanupWaiting, Machine: r.Machine, Severity: conditions.Warning, Resolver: conditions.ResolverOperator,
-					Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s of %s on %s (%s, %s) has been retired %d days — kept at %s since %s; `cleanup "+
-						"delete %s %s %s --why …` once a person has decided, or assign %s there again",
+					Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s of %s on %s (%s, %s) has been retired %d days — kept where it was since %s; "+
+						"`cleanup delete %s %s %s --why …` once a person has decided, or assign %s there again",
 						r.Item, r.Module, r.Machine, r.Class, sizeWords(r.Size), int(now.Sub(*r.RetiredAt).Hours()/24),
-						orUnknownPath(r.Path), r.RetiredWhy, r.Machine, r.Module, r.Item, r.Module)})
+						r.RetiredWhy, r.Machine, r.Module, r.Item, r.Module),
+					Said: "kept at " + orUnknownPath(r.Path)})
 			}
 			continue
 		}
@@ -425,14 +426,16 @@ func dataFindings(records []inventory.DataRecord, peaks map[string]int64, shelf
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine, ID: id, Token: kindProtectionMissing,
 				Kind: kindProtectionMissing, Machine: r.Machine, Severity: severity, Resolver: conditions.ResolverOperator,
 				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s of %s on %s (%s) is said to be protected by the redundancy of the storage it is on, "+
-					"and %s is on nothing the backup holder can read as redundant: it has no protection the mesh can see",
-					r.Item, r.Module, r.Machine, class, orUnknownPath(r.Path))})
+					"and it is on nothing the backup holder can read as redundant: it has no protection the mesh can see",
+					r.Item, r.Module, r.Machine, class),
+				Said: orUnknownPath(r.Path) + " is on no redundant storage the backup holder can read"})
 		}
 		if r.MeasureError != "" && strings.Contains(r.MeasureError, "does not exist") {
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine, ID: id, Token: kindDataMissing,
 				Kind: kindDataMissing, Machine: r.Machine, Severity: severity, Resolver: conditions.ResolverOperator,
-				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s of %s on %s (%s) is gone: %s does not exist any more", r.Item, r.Module, r.Machine,
-					class, orUnknownPath(r.Path))})
+				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s of %s on %s (%s) is gone: where it was declared, nothing exists any more", r.Item,
+					r.Module, r.Machine, class),
+				Said: orUnknownPath(r.Path) + " does not exist: " + firstLine(r.MeasureError)})
 		} else if peak, ok := peaks[r.Key()]; ok && r.Size != nil && inventory.Comparable(r.Precision) &&
 			*r.Size*2 < peak && peak-*r.Size >= shrinkFloor && inventory.Dataset(r.Precision) != "" {
 			// Several items on one dataset share its size: one condition for the dataset, as loud as the
@@ -486,9 +489,10 @@ func dataFindings(records []inventory.DataRecord, peaks map[string]int64, shelf
 		out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine,
 			ID: ds.machine + ".dataset." + strings.ReplaceAll(ds.dataset, "/", "-"), Token: kindDataShrank,
 			Kind: kindDataShrank, Machine: ds.machine, Severity: severityOf(ds.class), Resolver: conditions.ResolverOperator,
-			Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the dataset %s on %s shrank to %s from %s within %d days — more than half of what it held "+
-				"is gone; it holds %s", ds.dataset, ds.machine, sizeWords(&ds.size), sizeWords(&ds.peak),
-				int(shrinkWindow.Hours()/24), strings.Join(ds.items, ", "))})
+			Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the dataset on %s that holds %s shrank to %s from %s within %d days — more than half of "+
+				"what it held is gone", ds.machine, strings.Join(ds.items, ", "), sizeWords(&ds.size), sizeWords(&ds.peak),
+				int(shrinkWindow.Hours()/24)),
+			Said: "the dataset " + ds.dataset})
 	}
 	// The redundant storage watched data is on: one condition per array, as loud as the most precious
 	// item on it — the array, not each item, is what degrades.
@@ -512,8 +516,9 @@ func dataFindings(records []inventory.DataRecord, peaks map[string]int64, shelf
 			ID:    machine + ".array." + strings.NewReplacer("/", "-", ":", "-").Replace(red.Kind+"-"+red.Where),
 			Token: kindArrayDegraded, Kind: kindArrayDegraded, Machine: machine, Severity: severityOf(class),
 			Resolver: conditions.ResolverOperator,
-			Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the %s storage %s on %s %s: %s — and it is what protects %s", red.Kind, red.Where, machine,
-				state, firstLine(red.Said), strings.Join(names, ", "))})
+			Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the %s storage on %s that protects %s %s", red.Kind, machine, strings.Join(names, ", "),
+				state),
+			Said: fmt.Sprintf("the %s storage %s %s: %s", red.Kind, red.Where, state, firstLine(red.Said))})
 	}
 	// The same item on several machines: a copy that is in use and far smaller than one kept elsewhere is
 	// an empty replacement. Only against a retired copy — a module running on two machines on purpose
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/data_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/data_test.go
index 25a3d9f..397c26a 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/data_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/data_test.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const houseManifest = `{"module":"house","version":"1",
 
 func findingsByKind(obs []conditions.Observation) map[string]conditions.Observation {
 	out := map[string]conditions.Observation{}
-	for _, o := range obs {
+	for _, o := range linted(obs) {
 		out[o.Kind] = o
 	}
 	return out
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestAnEmptyReplacementOfAConsumersDataIsSaid(t *testing.T) {
 			consumerCopy{Node: "anchor", Module: "postgres", Consumer: app, Size: bytesOf(9 << 20), Class: "valuable"})
 	}
 	copies[1].Class = "irreplaceable" // the photo site's own database says so
-	got := dataFindings(nil, nil, nil, copies, nil, time.Now())
+	got := linted(dataFindings(nil, nil, nil, copies, nil, time.Now()))
 	if len(got) != 5 {
 		t.Fatalf("%d findings for five empty replacements: %+v", len(got), got)
 	}
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func TestConsumerDataActiveTwiceWithoutSizesIsAWarning(t *testing.T) {
 		{Node: "home", Module: "minio", Consumer: "mesh_home_photos"},
 		{Node: "anchor", Module: "minio", Consumer: "mesh_home_photos"},
 	}
-	got := dataFindings(nil, nil, nil, copies, nil, time.Now())
+	got := linted(dataFindings(nil, nil, nil, copies, nil, time.Now()))
 	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Kind != kindDataHeldTwice || got[0].Severity != conditions.Warning {
 		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
 	}
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func TestRetiredDataWaitingThirtyDaysIsSaid(t *testing.T) {
 		{Machine: "home", Module: "house", Item: "config", Class: "irreplaceable", Size: bytesOf(1 << 30), RetiredAt: &old},
 		{Machine: "home", Module: "attic", Item: "boxes", Class: "irreplaceable", Size: bytesOf(1 << 30), RetiredAt: &recent},
 	}
-	got := dataFindings(records, nil, shelfFor(t, houseManifest), nil, nil, now)
+	got := linted(dataFindings(records, nil, shelfFor(t, houseManifest), nil, nil, now))
 	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Kind != kindCleanupWaiting || !strings.Contains(got[0].Summary, "cleanup delete home house config") {
 		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
 	}
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ func TestTheArrayUnderDataIsWatched(t *testing.T) {
 			Path: "/tank/" + item, Size: bytesOf(40 << 40), FirstSeen: now.Add(-24 * time.Hour), MeasuredAt: when(now),
 			Redundancy: &inventory.Redundancy{Kind: "zfs", Where: "tank", Healthy: healthy, Said: "pool 'tank' is DEGRADED"}}
 	}
-	got := dataFindings([]inventory.DataRecord{on("films", &sick), on("shows", &sick)}, nil, shelf, nil, nil, now)
+	got := linted(dataFindings([]inventory.DataRecord{on("films", &sick), on("shows", &sick)}, nil, shelf, nil, nil, now))
 	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Kind != kindArrayDegraded || got[0].Severity != conditions.Urgent ||
 		!strings.Contains(got[0].Summary, "media/films, media/shows") {
 		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ func TestADatasetShrinksOnceAndAPartialSizeIsNeverCompared(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	films, shows := on("films", 30<<40), on("shows", 30<<40)
 	peaks := map[string]int64{films.Key(): 90 << 40, shows.Key(): 90 << 40}
-	got := dataFindings([]inventory.DataRecord{films, shows}, peaks, shelf, nil, nil, now)
+	got := linted(dataFindings([]inventory.DataRecord{films, shows}, peaks, shelf, nil, nil, now))
 	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Kind != kindDataShrank || got[0].Severity != conditions.Urgent ||
 		!strings.Contains(got[0].Summary, "media/films, media/shows") {
 		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor.go
index 523b248..199d7bb 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor.go
@@ -120,8 +120,11 @@ type probeVerdict struct {
 	ID      string   `json:"id"`
 	Verdict string   `json:"verdict"`
 	Found   []string `json:"found,omitempty"`
-	Error   string   `json:"error,omitempty"`
-	Took    string   `json:"took,omitempty"`
+	// Unconfirmed are findings one look can be wrong about, seen by this run and not the one before:
+	// raised if the next run sees them too (confirm.go). Not a pass, and not yet a condition.
+	Unconfirmed []string `json:"unconfirmed,omitempty"`
+	Error       string   `json:"error,omitempty"`
+	Took        string   `json:"took,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // doctorCounts are a run's verdicts, counted.
@@ -156,6 +159,8 @@ type doctor struct {
 	teller    conditions.Teller
 	watchdogs *watchdogs
 	host      string
+	// confirm holds back what one run alone saw of a finding a single look can be wrong about.
+	confirm confirming
 
 	running sync.Mutex
 	mu      sync.Mutex
@@ -267,21 +272,27 @@ func (d *doctor) runOnce(ctx context.Context, why string) doctorRun {
 		case r.err != nil:
 			v.Verdict, v.Error = verdictFailedToRun, r.err.Error()
 			run.Counts.FailedToRun++
+			// A probe that could not run once — a question timed out on a loaded machine — is said in
+			// the verdict at once, and raised as a condition when the next run cannot run it either.
 			blind = append(blind, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeProbe, ID: p.ID, Kind: "probe-failed",
-				Token: "failed", Severity: conditions.Warning,
+				Token: "failed", Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
 				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the probe %s (%s) could not run: what it checks is not known — never a pass", p.ID, p.Asserts),
 				Said:    firstLine(r.err.Error())})
 		default:
-			if err := d.keeper.Reconcile(ctx, p.ID, kindedAs(r.obs, p.Kind)); err != nil {
+			raise, held := d.confirm.pass(ctx, d.keeper, p.ID, kindedAs(r.obs, p.Kind))
+			if err := d.keeper.Reconcile(ctx, p.ID, raise); err != nil {
 				v.Error = "what it found could not be kept: " + err.Error()
 			}
-			if len(r.obs) == 0 {
+			for _, o := range held {
+				v.Unconfirmed = append(v.Unconfirmed, o.Summary)
+			}
+			if len(raise) == 0 {
 				v.Verdict = verdictPass
 				run.Counts.Passed++
 			} else {
 				v.Verdict = verdictFail
 				run.Counts.Failed++
-				for _, o := range r.obs {
+				for _, o := range raise {
 					v.Found = append(v.Found, o.Summary)
 				}
 			}
@@ -291,6 +302,7 @@ func (d *doctor) runOnce(ctx context.Context, why string) doctorRun {
 		}
 		run.Probes = append(run.Probes, v)
 	}
+	blind, _ = d.confirm.pass(ctx, d.keeper, sourceDoctor, blind)
 	if err := d.keeper.Reconcile(ctx, sourceDoctor, blind); err != nil {
 		fmt.Printf("the self-check's own failures could not be kept: %v\n", err)
 	}
@@ -406,7 +418,9 @@ func doctorAnswer(ctx context.Context, sub string) (any, error) {
 // verdictAnswer is a run as the verb answers it, with its age.
 func verdictAnswer(run doctorRun, now time.Time) map[string]any {
 	return map[string]any{"run": run, "age": now.Sub(run.At).Round(time.Second).String(),
-		"note": "a probe that could not run is never a pass; each failure is an open condition until a run passes it"}
+		"note": "a probe that could not run is never a pass; each failure is an open condition until a run passes it, " +
+			"and one a single look can be wrong about — an unanswered question, a slow answer — is raised when two " +
+			"runs in a row see it"}
 }
 
 // probesAnswer is the registry.
@@ -472,6 +486,9 @@ func doctorText(answer any) string {
 			for _, f := range p.Found {
 				fmt.Fprintf(&b, "         %s\n", f)
 			}
+			for _, f := range p.Unconfirmed {
+				fmt.Fprintf(&b, "         unconfirmed, raised if the next run sees it too: %s\n", f)
+			}
 			if p.Error != "" {
 				fmt.Fprintf(&b, "         %s\n", p.Error)
 			}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor_test.go
index 7a238a6..40b6de7 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/doctor_test.go
@@ -74,6 +74,15 @@ func TestARunKeepsWhatEachProbeFoundAndSaysItsHeartbeat(t *testing.T) {
 	k := conditions.NewKeeper(t.Context(), conditions.Options{Store: store, History: store})
 	defer k.Close(context.Background())
 	d := &doctor{keeper: k, teller: told, host: "anchor"}
+	// A probe that cannot run is said in the verdict at once, and as a condition when the next run cannot
+	// run it either (novox/hq issue 277): one timed-out question is not a probe gone blind.
+	first := d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if first.Counts != (doctorCounts{Passed: 1, Failed: 1, FailedToRun: 2, Deferred: 1}) {
+		t.Fatalf("counted %+v", first.Counts)
+	}
+	if open, _ := k.Open(t.Context()); len(open) != 1 || open[0].Key != "machine.anchor.refused" {
+		t.Fatalf("after one run, open: %+v", open)
+	}
 	run := d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
 	if run.Counts != (doctorCounts{Passed: 1, Failed: 1, FailedToRun: 2, Deferred: 1}) {
 		t.Fatalf("counted %+v", run.Counts)
@@ -93,7 +102,7 @@ func TestARunKeepsWhatEachProbeFoundAndSaysItsHeartbeat(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	// The heartbeat, in the shape mesh-watcher reads (the contract with the operator's channel).
-	if len(told.Names) != 1 || told.Names[0] != conditions.HeartbeatEvent {
+	if len(told.Names) != 2 || told.Names[1] != conditions.HeartbeatEvent {
 		t.Fatalf("said %v", told.Names)
 	}
 	if d.lastRunEnded().IsZero() || d.lastRun().Run != run.Run {
@@ -178,6 +187,7 @@ func TestAMachineWhoseDeclarationDoesNotComposeIsSaid(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 	got, err := probeDeclarations(ctx, &doctor{open: open})
+	linted(got)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/probes.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/probes.go
index 3ccb06e..853c286 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/probes.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/probes.go
@@ -140,6 +140,19 @@ func awaitingPush(node string, foreseen []string, since time.Time, waited time.D
 // probeResolvers is D2: every holder of the mesh's resolver answers each machine's name with its
 // address for IPv4, and with no address and no error for IPv6 — NODATA, not NXDOMAIN, which musl
 // takes as final (issue 262).
+//
+// **One unanswered question is not a resolver that does not answer** (novox/hq issue 277). D2 raised a
+// resolver urgent on one query that timed out while its machine was loaded — a push applying, a build
+// starting twenty containers — and thirty asked right after were answered at once. So every question is
+// asked up to resolverTries times, a little apart, and all of them at once rather than one after
+// another; a resolver that answered none of a question's tries is held back (Confirm) and raised, urgent,
+// when the next run finds it not answering too. A resolver that *answered wrongly* — another address,
+// NXDOMAIN for IPv6, an IPv6 address — said so on every try that answered, and is raised at once: that is
+// an answer, not the absence of one.
+//
+// **Said in machine names** (ADR 0234 §6): the summary names the resolver's machine and the machine
+// asked about; the names with their domain, the resolver's address and the socket's words are the
+// evidence.
 func probeResolvers(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error) {
 	inv := d.open.inventory
 	shelf, err := inv.Catalogue(ctx)
@@ -158,46 +171,206 @@ func probeResolvers(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, e
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	suffix := overlay.Suffix()
-	var out []conditions.Observation
+	return askEveryResolver(ctx, resolvers, places, overlay.Suffix()), nil
+}
+
+// resolverQuestion is one question D2 asks one resolver, and what came of it.
+type resolverQuestion struct {
+	holder, at string
+	place      inventory.Overlay
+	kind       dnsmessage.Type
+	asked      resolverAsked
+}
+
+// askEveryResolver asks every resolver about every machine, every question at once, and says what each
+// resolver got wrong or did not answer.
+func askEveryResolver(ctx context.Context, resolvers map[string]string, places []inventory.Overlay,
+	suffix string) []conditions.Observation {
+	var questions []*resolverQuestion
 	for holder, at := range resolvers {
-		var wrong []string
 		for _, p := range places {
 			if p.Address == "" {
 				continue
 			}
-			name := p.Name + "." + suffix
-			v4, rcode, err := askResolver(ctx, at, name, dnsmessage.TypeA)
-			switch {
-			case err != nil:
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s for %s: %v", "A", name, err))
-				continue
-			case rcode != dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess:
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %s for %s (A)", holder, rcode, name))
-			case !slices.Contains(v4, p.Address):
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %v for %s (A), not %s", holder, v4, name, p.Address))
+			for _, kind := range []dnsmessage.Type{dnsmessage.TypeA, dnsmessage.TypeAAAA} {
+				questions = append(questions, &resolverQuestion{holder: holder, at: at, place: p, kind: kind})
 			}
-			v6, rcode, err := askResolver(ctx, at, name, dnsmessage.TypeAAAA)
-			switch {
-			case err != nil:
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s for %s: %v", "AAAA", name, err))
-			case rcode != dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess:
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %s for %s (AAAA), not NODATA: a musl machine "+
-					"takes that as no such name", holder, rcode, name))
-			case len(v6) > 0:
-				wrong = append(wrong, fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %v for %s (AAAA); the mesh has no IPv6 addresses", holder, v6, name))
-			}
-		}
-		if len(wrong) > 0 {
-			node := strings.TrimSuffix(holder, "."+suffix)
-			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeSeat, ID: "mesh-dns-resolver." + node,
-				Token: "wrong", Machine: node, Severity: conditions.Urgent,
-				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the mesh's resolver on %s does not answer machine names as it must: %s",
-					node, wrong[0]),
-				Said: strings.Join(wrong, "; ")})
 		}
 	}
-	return sortedFound(out), nil
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for _, q := range questions {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func(q *resolverQuestion) {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			name := q.place.Name + "." + suffix
+			q.asked = askResolverPatiently(ctx, q.at, name, q.kind, func(addresses []string, rcode dnsmessage.RCode) bool {
+				if q.kind == dnsmessage.TypeA {
+					return rcode == dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess && slices.Contains(addresses, q.place.Address)
+				}
+				return rcode == dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess && len(addresses) == 0
+			})
+		}(q)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	type verdict struct {
+		wrong, unanswered, said []string
+		asked                   int
+	}
+	byHolder := map[string]*verdict{}
+	for _, q := range questions {
+		v := byHolder[q.holder]
+		if v == nil {
+			v = &verdict{}
+			byHolder[q.holder] = v
+		}
+		v.asked++
+		words, said := q.judged(suffix)
+		switch {
+		case said == "":
+		case q.asked.answered:
+			v.wrong = append(v.wrong, words)
+			v.said = append(v.said, said)
+		default:
+			v.unanswered = append(v.unanswered, words)
+			v.said = append(v.said, said)
+		}
+	}
+	var out []conditions.Observation
+	for holder, v := range byHolder {
+		if len(v.said) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		sort.Strings(v.wrong)
+		sort.Strings(v.unanswered)
+		sort.Strings(v.said)
+		node := strings.TrimSuffix(holder, "."+suffix)
+		o := conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeSeat, ID: "mesh-dns-resolver." + node,
+			Token: "wrong", Machine: node, Severity: conditions.Urgent, Said: strings.Join(v.said, "; ")}
+		if len(v.wrong) > 0 {
+			o.Summary = fmt.Sprintf("the mesh's resolver on %s does not answer machine names as it must: %s%s", node,
+				v.wrong[0], andMore(len(v.wrong)-1))
+		} else {
+			// Nothing but silence: held for the next run, which raises it if the resolver is still silent.
+			o.Confirm = true
+			o.Summary = fmt.Sprintf("the mesh's resolver on %s does not answer: %d of the %d question(s) about the "+
+				"machines' names went unanswered, each asked %d times — the first, %s", node, len(v.unanswered), v.asked,
+				resolverTries, v.unanswered[0])
+		}
+		out = append(out, o)
+	}
+	return sortedFound(out)
+}
+
+// andMore is ", and n more" for n other things; nothing for none.
+func andMore(n int) string {
+	if n <= 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(", and %d more", n)
+}
+
+// family is a question's kind as the mesh says it.
+func family(kind dnsmessage.Type) string {
+	if kind == dnsmessage.TypeAAAA {
+		return "IPv6"
+	}
+	return "IPv4"
+}
+
+// rcodeWords is a resolver's answer code as a person reads it, with the name a resolver's log uses.
+func rcodeWords(rcode dnsmessage.RCode) string {
+	switch rcode {
+	case dnsmessage.RCodeNameError:
+		return "no such name (NXDOMAIN)"
+	case dnsmessage.RCodeServerFailure:
+		return "a failure (SERVFAIL)"
+	case dnsmessage.RCodeRefused:
+		return "a refusal (REFUSED)"
+	case dnsmessage.RCodeFormatError:
+		return "a format error (FORMERR)"
+	case dnsmessage.RCodeNotImplemented:
+		return "not implemented (NOTIMP)"
+	}
+	return strings.TrimPrefix(rcode.String(), "RCode")
+}
+
+// judged is a question's outcome: in words, naming machines only, for a summary; and in full — the
+// name with its domain, the addresses, the socket's words — for the evidence. Both empty when it was
+// answered as it must be.
+func (q *resolverQuestion) judged(suffix string) (words, said string) {
+	a, node, name := q.asked, q.place.Name, q.place.Name+"."+suffix
+	about := fmt.Sprintf("%s's %s address", node, family(q.kind))
+	switch {
+	case a.right:
+		return "", ""
+	case !a.answered:
+		return about, fmt.Sprintf("%s for %s: no answer from %s in %d tries: %s", q.kind, name, q.at, a.tries,
+			oneLine(errors.Join(a.errs...).Error()))
+	case a.rcode != dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess && q.kind == dnsmessage.TypeAAAA:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("it answered %s for %s, not NODATA: a musl machine takes that as no such name",
+				rcodeWords(a.rcode), about),
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %s for %s (AAAA), not NODATA", q.at, a.rcode, name)
+	case a.rcode != dnsmessage.RCodeSuccess:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("it answered %s for %s", rcodeWords(a.rcode), about),
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %s for %s (A)", q.at, a.rcode, name)
+	case q.kind == dnsmessage.TypeAAAA:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("it answered an IPv6 address for %s; the mesh has none", node),
+			fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %v for %s (AAAA); the mesh has no IPv6 addresses", q.at, a.addresses, name)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("it answered %s with another address than the mesh gave %s", about, node),
+		fmt.Sprintf("%s answered %v for %s (A), not %s", q.at, a.addresses, name, q.place.Address)
+}
+
+// How patiently D2 asks: each question up to resolverTries times, each try waiting resolverWithin for
+// its answer, the tries resolverPause apart and that pause doubled each time. Every question is asked at
+// once, so a resolver that answers nothing costs the run about seven seconds, within probeWithin.
+var (
+	resolverTries  = 3
+	resolverWithin = 2 * time.Second
+	resolverPause  = 250 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
+// resolverAsked is one question asked patiently: the answer that settled it, or every try's error.
+type resolverAsked struct {
+	// right says a try was answered as it must be; answered that some try was answered at all.
+	right, answered bool
+	addresses       []string
+	rcode           dnsmessage.RCode
+	tries           int
+	errs            []error
+}
+
+// askResolverPatiently asks one question until it is answered as right says, at most resolverTries
+// times. A wrong answer is asked again too — a resolver restarting may say NXDOMAIN for a moment — and
+// stands if no try answers rightly.
+func askResolverPatiently(ctx context.Context, at, name string, kind dnsmessage.Type,
+	right func([]string, dnsmessage.RCode) bool) resolverAsked {
+	var a resolverAsked
+	pause := resolverPause
+	for a.tries < resolverTries {
+		if a.tries > 0 {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				a.errs = append(a.errs, ctx.Err())
+				return a
+			case <-time.After(pause):
+			}
+			pause *= 2
+		}
+		a.tries++
+		addresses, rcode, err := askResolver(ctx, at, name, kind)
+		if err != nil {
+			a.errs = append(a.errs, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		a.answered, a.addresses, a.rcode = true, addresses, rcode
+		if right(addresses, rcode) {
+			a.right = true
+			return a
+		}
+	}
+	return a
 }
 
 // resolverPort is where a resolver answers; a variable so a test can stand one up.
@@ -215,13 +388,13 @@ func askResolver(ctx context.Context, at, name string, kind dnsmessage.Type) ([]
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
-	dialer := net.Dialer{Timeout: 3 * time.Second}
+	dialer := net.Dialer{Timeout: resolverWithin}
 	conn, err := dialer.DialContext(ctx, "udp", net.JoinHostPort(at, resolverPort))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()
-	_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(3 * time.Second))
+	_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(resolverWithin))
 	if _, err := conn.Write(packed); err != nil {
 		return nil, 0, err
 	}
@@ -308,6 +481,34 @@ func probeHolders(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, err
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// **A holder whose answer to one discovery came late is asked again** (novox/hq issue 277): a
+	// runtime on a loaded machine answers last, and once past discoveryPatience. What a second discovery
+	// still does not hear is held for the next run (Confirm), and said when that run does not hear it
+	// either.
+	missing := func() bool {
+		for seat, nodes := range expected {
+			for node := range nodes {
+				if !answering[seat][node] {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	if missing() {
+		again, err := discoverHolders(ctx, d.js.Conn())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		for seat, nodes := range again {
+			for node := range nodes {
+				if answering[seat] == nil {
+					answering[seat] = map[string]bool{}
+				}
+				answering[seat][node] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
 	var out []conditions.Observation
 	for seat, nodes := range expected {
 		for node := range nodes {
@@ -315,7 +516,7 @@ func probeHolders(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, err
 				continue
 			}
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeSeat, ID: seat + "." + node,
-				Token: "silent", Machine: node, Severity: conditions.Warning,
+				Token: "silent", Machine: node, Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
 				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s's holder on %s does not answer the bus: its verbs reach nothing there", seat, node),
 				Said:    fmt.Sprintf("no answer for %s from %s to the bus's discovery", seat, node)})
 		}
@@ -529,8 +730,10 @@ func probeConsumers(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, e
 		if c.Stream != "NODES" && info.NumPending > consumerFarBehind {
 			// Its own kind (novox/hq to-be 45 §7): healer H4 answers a consumer far behind, and only
 			// this — a redefined consumer is not one a reset repairs.
+			// One look at a consumer that a burst has put behind is not one that stays behind: held for
+			// the next run, so H4 resets nothing on a single sample (novox/hq issue 277).
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeBus, ID: who, Token: "behind",
-				Kind: kindConsumerBehind, Severity: conditions.Warning,
+				Kind: kindConsumerBehind, Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
 				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s is %d message(s) behind its stream's head", consumerWords(c), info.NumPending),
 				Said:    fmt.Sprintf("%d pending, %d handed out and not settled", info.NumPending, info.NumAckPending)})
 		}
@@ -654,7 +857,9 @@ func probeBans(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	owned := map[string]string{} // address → whose
+	// address → whose, in machine names: what the summary says. The address, and the endpoint's name
+	// it was found by, are the evidence (ADR 0234 §6).
+	owned, via := map[string]string{}, map[string]string{}
 	for _, p := range places {
 		if p.Address != "" {
 			owned[p.Address] = p.Name + "'s private address"
@@ -664,7 +869,7 @@ func probeBans(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error)
 				owned[ip.String()] = p.Name + "'s endpoint"
 			} else if addrs, err := net.DefaultResolver.LookupHost(ctx, host); err == nil {
 				for _, a := range addrs {
-					owned[a] = p.Name + "'s endpoint (" + host + ")"
+					owned[a], via[a] = p.Name+"'s endpoint", host
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -708,17 +913,26 @@ func probeBans(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error)
 			unasked = append(unasked, err.Error())
 			continue
 		}
-		var banned []string
+		var banned, whose []string
 		for _, ip := range ipLike.FindAllString(string(answer), -1) {
-			if whose, ours := owned[ip]; ours && !slices.Contains(banned, ip+" ("+whose+")") {
-				banned = append(banned, ip+" ("+whose+")")
+			who, ours := owned[ip]
+			said := ip + " (" + who + ")"
+			if h := via[ip]; h != "" {
+				said = ip + " (" + who + ", " + h + ")"
+			}
+			if !ours || slices.Contains(banned, said) {
+				continue
+			}
+			banned = append(banned, said)
+			if !slices.Contains(whose, who) {
+				whose = append(whose, who)
 			}
 		}
 		if len(banned) > 0 {
 			out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeMachine, ID: node, Token: "bans-the-mesh",
 				Machine: node, Severity: conditions.Urgent,
-				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s's ban list holds %d of the mesh's own address(es): %s — the mesh is locked out "+
-					"of itself there (ADR 0186)", node, len(banned), strings.Join(banned, ", ")),
+				Summary: fmt.Sprintf("%s's ban list holds %d of the mesh's own address(es) — %s: the mesh is locked out "+
+					"of itself there (ADR 0186)", node, len(banned), strings.Join(whose, ", ")),
 				Said: strings.Join(banned, ", ")})
 		}
 	}
@@ -755,9 +969,12 @@ func probeStatus(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, erro
 		if why == "" {
 			why = fmt.Sprintf("it took %s", took.Round(time.Millisecond))
 		}
+		// Timed once, on a controller that may be busy for a moment: held for the next run (novox/hq
+		// issue 277). Why it was slow is the evidence: a composition's failure carries a store's words.
 		out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeCore, ID: "controller", Token: "status-slow",
-			Machine: d.host, Severity: conditions.Warning,
-			Summary: "status does not answer in full within ten seconds: " + why, Said: why})
+			Machine: d.host, Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
+			Summary: "status does not answer in full within ten seconds, from a summary composed lately",
+			Said:    why})
 	}
 	return out, nil
 }
@@ -910,6 +1127,14 @@ func probeWatchdogs(_ context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, err
 		Said: fmt.Sprintf("no tick for %s", time.Since(since).Round(time.Second))}}, nil
 }
 
+// How a probe asks a seat's holder: each try waits seatAskWithin, at most seatAskTries tries,
+// seatAskPause apart.
+var (
+	seatAskTries  = 2
+	seatAskWithin = 10 * time.Second
+	seatAskPause  = 500 * time.Millisecond
+)
+
 // askSeatTool asks one machine's holder of a node seat a verb and answers its result; the holder's
 // own refusal is an error.
 func askSeatTool(ctx context.Context, conn *nats.Conn, seat, verb, node string) (json.RawMessage, error) {
@@ -917,7 +1142,26 @@ func askSeatTool(ctx context.Context, conn *nats.Conn, seat, verb, node string)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s asks %s.%s, which it does not declare in the probe registry — and so the "+
 			"controller is not granted it", who, seat, verb)
 	}
-	answer, err := link.AskSeatTool(ctx, conn, seat, verb, node, map[string]any{}, 10*time.Second)
+	// **Asked again when the bus brought no answer** (novox/hq issue 277), while the probe's bound
+	// leaves room for a whole try: a holder on a loaded machine that misses one question is not a
+	// holder that cannot answer. The holder's own refusal is an answer, and is not asked again.
+	var answer link.Answer
+	var err error
+	for try := 0; try < seatAskTries; try++ {
+		if try > 0 {
+			if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok && time.Until(deadline) < seatAskWithin+seatAskPause {
+				break
+			}
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return nil, err
+			case <-time.After(seatAskPause):
+			}
+		}
+		if answer, err = link.AskSeatTool(ctx, conn, seat, verb, node, map[string]any{}, seatAskWithin); err == nil {
+			break
+		}
+	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -944,8 +1188,8 @@ func probeLease(ctx context.Context, d *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error
 			Machine: d.host, Severity: conditions.Urgent, Summary: summary, Said: said})
 	}
 	if st.Unleased != "" {
-		split("unheld", "this controller acts without the lease, so nothing keeps another from acting beside it: "+
-			st.Unleased, st.Unleased)
+		split("unheld", "this controller acts without the lease, so nothing keeps another from acting beside it",
+			st.Unleased)
 		return out, nil
 	}
 	api, err := jetstream.New(d.js.Conn())
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/sayable_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/sayable_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7a5fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/sayable_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/dns/dnsmessage"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/conditions"
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/inventory"
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/outward"
+)
+
+// **Every condition this suite raises says itself in machine names and words** (novox/hq issue 277,
+// ADR 0234 §6). Every observation a keeper takes in any test of this package — every signals row
+// suppressed past its bound, every probe's finding, every event's condition — is held to the operator
+// channel's content rule; one whose summary or key carries an address, a domain, a path or a secret's
+// shape fails the suite, naming its source. The keeper would say such a summary in words at run time;
+// this is where the producer is made to say it rightly in the first place.
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
+	conditions.Unsayable = func(o conditions.Observation, field string, r outward.Refusal) {
+		unsaid.note(o, field, r)
+	}
+	code := m.Run()
+	if said := unsaid.all(); len(said) > 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "FAIL: %d condition(s) raised in these tests say what the operator's channel withholds "+
+			"(an address, a domain, a path or a secret's shape belongs in the evidence, not the summary):\n  %s\n",
+			len(said), strings.Join(said, "\n  "))
+		if code == 0 {
+			code = 1
+		}
+	}
+	os.Exit(code)
+}
+
+// unsaid collects, across the suite, every finding whose words the operator's channel would withhold.
+var unsaid unsayable
+
+type unsayable struct {
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	seen map[string]bool
+}
+
+func (u *unsayable) note(o conditions.Observation, field string, r outward.Refusal) {
+	text := o.Summary
+	if field == "key" {
+		text = o.Key()
+	}
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	defer u.mu.Unlock()
+	if u.seen == nil {
+		u.seen = map[string]bool{}
+	}
+	u.seen[fmt.Sprintf("%s (source %s, kind %s): its %s carries %s — %q", o.Key(), o.Source, o.Kind, field, r.What,
+		text)] = true
+}
+
+func (u *unsayable) all() []string {
+	u.mu.Lock()
+	defer u.mu.Unlock()
+	var out []string
+	for s := range u.seen {
+		out = append(out, s)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(out)
+	return out
+}
+
+// linted is a producer's findings, held to the content rule as a keeper would hold them: for a test
+// that reads a producer's findings without raising them.
+func linted(obs []conditions.Observation) []conditions.Observation {
+	for _, o := range obs {
+		machines := append([]string{o.Machine}, o.Also...)
+		if r, ok := outward.Check(o.Key(), machines...); !ok {
+			unsaid.note(o, "key", r)
+		}
+		if r, ok := outward.Check(o.Summary, machines...); !ok {
+			unsaid.note(o, "summary", r)
+		}
+	}
+	return obs
+}
+
+// resolverStandIn is a resolver on loopback that answers as answer says; nil answers nothing.
+func resolverStandIn(t *testing.T, answer func(q dnsmessage.Question, n int64) *dnsmessage.Message) (port string, asked *atomic.Int64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	conn, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = conn.Close() })
+	asked = &atomic.Int64{}
+	go func() {
+		buf := make([]byte, 1500)
+		for {
+			n, from, err := conn.ReadFrom(buf)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			var q dnsmessage.Message
+			if q.Unpack(buf[:n]) != nil || len(q.Questions) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			reply := answer(q.Questions[0], asked.Add(1))
+			if reply == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			reply.Header.ID, reply.Header.Response, reply.Questions = q.ID, true, q.Questions
+			packed, _ := reply.Pack()
+			_, _ = conn.WriteTo(packed, from)
+		}
+	}()
+	_, port, _ = net.SplitHostPort(conn.LocalAddr().String())
+	return port, asked
+}
+
+// answersRightly answers A with the address the test's machine has, and NODATA for AAAA.
+func answersRightly(q dnsmessage.Question) *dnsmessage.Message {
+	reply := &dnsmessage.Message{}
+	if q.Type == dnsmessage.TypeA {
+		reply.Answers = []dnsmessage.Resource{{Header: dnsmessage.ResourceHeader{Name: q.Name, Type: dnsmessage.TypeA,
+			Class: dnsmessage.ClassINET}, Body: &dnsmessage.AResource{A: [4]byte{10, 77, 0, 1}}}}
+	}
+	return reply
+}
+
+// quickResolvers makes D2's patience short for a test.
+func quickResolvers(t *testing.T, port string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	before, within, pause := resolverPort, resolverWithin, resolverPause
+	resolverPort, resolverWithin, resolverPause = port, 150*time.Millisecond, 10*time.Millisecond
+	t.Cleanup(func() { resolverPort, resolverWithin, resolverPause = before, within, pause })
+}
+
+var anchorOnTheNetwork = []inventory.Overlay{{Name: "anchor", Address: "10.77.0.1"}}
+
+// **D2 asks again before it says anything** (novox/hq issue 277): a resolver that misses a question on
+// a loaded machine and answers the next try is a resolver that answers.
+func TestAResolverThatMissesOneTryAndAnswersTheNextIsWell(t *testing.T) {
+	port, asked := resolverStandIn(t, func(q dnsmessage.Question, n int64) *dnsmessage.Message {
+		if n <= 2 {
+			return nil // the first question of each kind lost, as under a push and a build starting
+		}
+		return answersRightly(q)
+	})
+	quickResolvers(t, port)
+	got := askEveryResolver(t.Context(), map[string]string{"anchor.internal": "127.0.0.1"}, anchorOnTheNetwork, "internal")
+	if len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("a resolver that answered its second try was said: %+v", got)
+	}
+	if asked.Load() < 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("asked %d times", asked.Load())
+	}
+}
+
+// **A resolver that answers nothing is held for the next run, and said in machine names**: the address
+// it was asked at and the socket's words are the evidence, never the summary the operator reads.
+func TestAResolverThatAnswersNothingIsHeldAndSaidInMachineNames(t *testing.T) {
+	port, asked := resolverStandIn(t, func(dnsmessage.Question, int64) *dnsmessage.Message { return nil })
+	quickResolvers(t, port)
+	got := askEveryResolver(t.Context(), map[string]string{"anchor.internal": "127.0.0.1"}, anchorOnTheNetwork, "internal")
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
+	}
+	o := got[0]
+	if !o.Confirm || o.Key() != "seat.mesh-dns-resolver.anchor.wrong" || o.Severity != conditions.Urgent {
+		t.Fatalf("not held for a second look, or not the resolver's condition: %+v", o)
+	}
+	if r, ok := outward.Check(o.Summary, "anchor"); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("the summary carries %s: %q", r, o.Summary)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(o.Summary, "anchor's") || !strings.Contains(o.Said, "127.0.0.1") ||
+		!strings.Contains(o.Said, "anchor.internal") {
+		t.Fatalf("summary %q, evidence %q", o.Summary, o.Said)
+	}
+	if want := int64(2 * resolverTries); asked.Load() != want {
+		t.Fatalf("asked %d times, want %d: each question %d times", asked.Load(), want, resolverTries)
+	}
+}
+
+// **A resolver that answers wrongly is said at once**, in machine names: an answer is not the absence
+// of one (issue 262's NXDOMAIN for IPv6).
+func TestAResolverAnsweringWronglyIsSaidAtOnceInMachineNames(t *testing.T) {
+	port, _ := resolverStandIn(t, func(q dnsmessage.Question, _ int64) *dnsmessage.Message {
+		if q.Type == dnsmessage.TypeAAAA {
+			return &dnsmessage.Message{Header: dnsmessage.Header{RCode: dnsmessage.RCodeNameError}}
+		}
+		return answersRightly(q)
+	})
+	quickResolvers(t, port)
+	got := askEveryResolver(t.Context(), map[string]string{"anchor.internal": "127.0.0.1"}, anchorOnTheNetwork, "internal")
+	if len(got) != 1 || got[0].Confirm {
+		t.Fatalf("%+v", got)
+	}
+	if r, ok := outward.Check(got[0].Summary, "anchor"); !ok || !strings.Contains(got[0].Summary, "NXDOMAIN") ||
+		!strings.Contains(got[0].Summary, "anchor's IPv6 address") {
+		t.Fatalf("summary %q (%v)", got[0].Summary, r)
+	}
+}
+
+// **The self-check raises a finding one look can be wrong about on the second run in a row**, keeps it
+// open while it is seen, and clears it when it is not — and a probe that cannot run is said as a
+// condition only when the next run cannot run it either. Neither is ever a pass in the verdict.
+func TestASingleLookIsHeldAndTheSecondInARowRaises(t *testing.T) {
+	var unanswered, broken atomic.Bool
+	held := conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeSeat, ID: "mesh-dns-resolver.anchor", Token: "wrong",
+		Machine: "anchor", Severity: conditions.Urgent, Confirm: true,
+		Summary: "the mesh's resolver on anchor does not answer", Said: "no answer from 10.77.0.1"}
+	withProbes(t,
+		probe{ID: "P1", Asserts: "asks over the network", Kind: "resolver-wrong", Phase: 1,
+			run: func(context.Context, *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error) {
+				if unanswered.Load() {
+					return []conditions.Observation{held}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			}},
+		probe{ID: "P2", Asserts: "sometimes cannot run", Kind: "x", Phase: 1,
+			run: func(context.Context, *doctor) ([]conditions.Observation, error) {
+				if broken.Load() {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("a question timed out")
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			}},
+	)
+	store := conditions.NewInMemory()
+	k := conditions.NewKeeper(t.Context(), conditions.Options{Store: store, History: store})
+	defer k.Close(context.Background())
+	d := &doctor{keeper: k, host: "anchor"}
+	keys := func() []string {
+		open, err := k.Open(t.Context())
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		var out []string
+		for _, c := range open {
+			out = append(out, c.Key)
+		}
+		sort.Strings(out)
+		return out
+	}
+
+	unanswered.Store(true)
+	broken.Store(true)
+	run := d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if open := keys(); len(open) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("one look raised %v", open)
+	}
+	if run.Probes[0].Verdict != verdictPass || len(run.Probes[0].Unconfirmed) != 1 || run.Probes[1].Verdict != verdictFailedToRun {
+		t.Fatalf("the first run's verdict hides what it saw: %+v", run.Probes)
+	}
+
+	// Seen twice in a row: raised, and so is the probe that could not run twice.
+	run = d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if open := keys(); strings.Join(open, " ") != "probe.P2.failed seat.mesh-dns-resolver.anchor.wrong" {
+		t.Fatalf("two looks in a row left open %v", open)
+	}
+	if run.Probes[0].Verdict != verdictFail {
+		t.Fatalf("%+v", run.Probes[0])
+	}
+
+	// Open, and seen again: kept, never cleared and raised again.
+	d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if c, open, _ := k.Get(t.Context(), "seat.mesh-dns-resolver.anchor.wrong"); !open || c.Count != 1 || c.Observations != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("the open condition was not kept as it was: %+v", c)
+	}
+
+	// Answered again: cleared. Then one look alone raises nothing again.
+	unanswered.Store(false)
+	broken.Store(false)
+	d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if open := keys(); len(open) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("a passing run left open %v", open)
+	}
+	unanswered.Store(true)
+	d.runOnce(t.Context(), "a test")
+	if open := keys(); len(open) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("one look after a pass raised %v", open)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/signals.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/signals.go
index 5d22d2a..a752954 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/signals.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/signals.go
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ func watchLease(f *signalFacts) []conditions.Observation {
 			Summary: "the controller serves WITHOUT the lease: nothing keeps a second controller from acting " +
 				"beside it, and its declarations carry no epoch. A bus whose user list is older than this " +
 				"controller does not grant it the lease's bucket: a push of the machine holding the bus sends " +
-				"the list that does, and the controller takes the lease within five seconds — " + l.unleased,
+				"the list that does, and the controller takes the lease within five seconds",
 			Said: l.unleased})
 	} else if l.held && !l.renewed.IsZero() && f.now.Sub(l.renewed) > leaseBound {
 		out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeCore, ID: "controller.lease", Token: "late",
@@ -539,8 +539,9 @@ func watchLease(f *signalFacts) []conditions.Observation {
 	if !l.reset.IsZero() && f.now.Sub(l.reset) <= advisoryQuiet {
 		out = append(out, conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeCore, ID: "controller.lease", Token: "reset",
 			Kind: "lease-lost", Machine: f.host, Severity: conditions.Urgent,
-			Summary: "the controller lease's bucket was raised again from nothing: " + l.resetSaid,
-			Said:    l.resetSaid})
+			Summary: "the controller lease's bucket was raised again from nothing: whatever held the lease before " +
+				"does not know it lost it",
+			Said: l.resetSaid})
 	}
 	var lost []string
 	newest := inventory.Epoch{}
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/signals_test.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/signals_test.go
index 5978577..ef48fa8 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/signals_test.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/signals_test.go
@@ -300,6 +300,12 @@ func TestABlindWatchdogSaysSoAndClearsNothing(t *testing.T) {
 	w.see(t.Context(), silent)
 	blind := calm(now)
 	blind.machines, blind.machinesErr = nil, errors.New("the store is away")
+	// Blind for one tick is a read that did not answer in time; for two in a row, a watchdog that cannot
+	// see (novox/hq issue 277).
+	w.see(t.Context(), blind)
+	if open, _ := k.Open(t.Context()); len(open) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("one blind tick raised %+v", open)
+	}
 	w.see(t.Context(), blind)
 	open, err := k.Open(t.Context())
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/cmd/mesh-controller/watchdogs.go b/cmd/mesh-controller/watchdogs.go
index 656169c..a431cd9 100644
--- a/cmd/mesh-controller/watchdogs.go
+++ b/cmd/mesh-controller/watchdogs.go
@@ -164,6 +164,9 @@ type watchdogs struct {
 	// standing by hears no heartbeat and would call every machine silent.
 	acting func() bool
 
+	// confirm holds back a row blind for one tick: a read that timed out once on a loaded store.
+	confirm confirming
+
 	mu     sync.Mutex
 	ticked time.Time
 	last   *signalFacts
@@ -226,7 +229,9 @@ func (w *watchdogs) see(running context.Context, f *signalFacts) {
 			problems = append(problems, row.Row+": "+err.Error())
 		}
 	}
-	// The rows that could not see, said; the ones that see again, cleared.
+	// The rows that could not see, said once they could not two ticks in a row; the ones that see
+	// again, cleared.
+	blind, _ = w.confirm.pass(running, w.keeper, sourceWatchdogs, blind)
 	if err := w.keeper.Reconcile(running, sourceWatchdogs, blind); err != nil {
 		problems = append(problems, err.Error())
 	}
@@ -259,10 +264,12 @@ func (w *watchdogs) see(running context.Context, f *signalFacts) {
 // sourceWatchdogs is what raises a blind row's condition.
 const sourceWatchdogs = "watchdogs"
 
-// blindRow is a row whose facts could not be gathered, as a condition of its own.
+// blindRow is a row whose facts could not be gathered, as a condition of its own: raised when the next
+// tick cannot gather them either (confirm.go), since one read that did not answer in time is not a
+// watchdog gone blind.
 func blindRow(row signalRow, err error) conditions.Observation {
 	return conditions.Observation{Scope: conditions.ScopeProbe, ID: row.Row, Kind: "probe-failed", Token: "failed",
-		Severity: conditions.Warning,
+		Severity: conditions.Warning, Confirm: true,
 		Summary: fmt.Sprintf("the watchdog of %s (%s) cannot see: what it reads could not be read, so nothing "+
 			"it would raise can be — and nothing it raised before is cleared", row.Row, row.Signal),
 		Said: firstLine(err.Error())}
diff --git a/internal/conditions/condition.go b/internal/conditions/condition.go
index 50311e7..ced3126 100644
--- a/internal/conditions/condition.go
+++ b/internal/conditions/condition.go
@@ -170,10 +170,19 @@ type Observation struct {
 	Also     []string
 	Severity Severity
 	Summary  string
-	// Said is this observation's evidence, in the mesh's words; Summary when empty.
+	// Said is this observation's evidence, in the mesh's words; Summary when empty. **Detail goes
+	// here, never in Summary**: an address, a socket's error, a path or a name with its domain is
+	// kept in the condition's evidence, which stays inside the mesh. The summary leaves it — to the
+	// operator's channel, whose content rule withholds a message that carries any of them (ADR 0234
+	// §6), and names machines in words.
 	Said     string
 	Source   string
 	Resolver string
+	// Confirm says a single look can be wrong about this finding — a question over the network that
+	// went unanswered, a time measured once on a loaded machine. The keeper does not read it: the
+	// source that looks again does, and raises it only when the next look sees it too, or while it is
+	// already open (novox/hq issue 277).
+	Confirm bool
 }
 
 // Key is where the observation's condition is kept: `<scope>.<id>.<kind>`, so the same fault said
diff --git a/internal/conditions/sayable_test.go b/internal/conditions/sayable_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd6cb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/conditions/sayable_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package conditions
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/outward"
+)
+
+// **A summary the operator's channel would withhold is said in words, and kept whole in the evidence**
+// (novox/hq issue 277, ADR 0234 §6): the condition that carried a resolver's address reached the
+// operator as "its words are withheld" instead of the alert.
+func TestASummaryCarryingAnAddressIsSaidInWordsAndKeptInTheEvidence(t *testing.T) {
+	k, _, _, _ := keeper(t)
+	before := Unsayable
+	var told []string
+	Unsayable = func(o Observation, field string, r outward.Refusal) { told = append(told, field+": "+r.What) }
+	t.Cleanup(func() { Unsayable = before })
+
+	raw := "AAAA for anchor.internal: no answer from 10.77.0.1: read udp 10.77.0.3:41234->10.77.0.1:53: i/o timeout"
+	c, err := k.Observe(t.Context(), Observation{Scope: ScopeSeat, ID: "mesh-dns-resolver.anchor", Token: "wrong",
+		Kind: "resolver-wrong", Machine: "anchor", Severity: Urgent, Source: "D2",
+		Summary: "the mesh's resolver on anchor does not answer: " + raw})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if r, ok := outward.Check(c.Summary, "anchor"); !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("the summary kept is still withheld (%s): %q", r, c.Summary)
+	}
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(c.Summary, "the mesh's resolver on anchor does not answer: ") {
+		t.Errorf("the summary's words were not kept: %q", c.Summary)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(c.Evidence[0].Said, raw) {
+		t.Errorf("the evidence lost what the summary carried: %q", c.Evidence[0].Said)
+	}
+	if len(told) != 1 || !strings.HasPrefix(told[0], "summary") {
+		t.Errorf("the producer was not named to the test: %v", told)
+	}
+
+	// A summary that may leave is kept as it is said, machine names and all.
+	ok, err := k.Observe(t.Context(), Observation{Scope: ScopeMachine, ID: "anchor", Kind: "silent", Machine: "anchor",
+		Severity: Warning, Source: "S1", Summary: "anchor has not been heard from since 12:00 UTC (bound 3m0s)"})
+	if err != nil || ok.Summary != "anchor has not been heard from since 12:00 UTC (bound 3m0s)" {
+		t.Fatalf("%q %v", ok.Summary, err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/conditions/store.go b/internal/conditions/store.go
index dd5bd6d..671a9de 100644
--- a/internal/conditions/store.go
+++ b/internal/conditions/store.go
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/novox/mesh-controller/internal/outward"
 )
 
 // Backend is where the open conditions are kept: one value per key, written by compare-and-set.
@@ -70,6 +72,8 @@ type Keeper struct {
 	closing sync.Once
 	// Unsaid counts the transitions given up on, for the self-check to say.
 	unsaid int
+	// reworded are the keys whose summary was said in words for the operator's channel, said once each.
+	reworded map[string]bool
 }
 
 type clearing struct {
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ var TellFor = 10 * time.Minute
 func NewKeeper(ctx context.Context, o Options) *Keeper {
 	k := &Keeper{store: o.Store, history: o.History, teller: o.Teller, now: o.Now, say: o.Say, changed: o.Changed,
 		epoch:   o.Epoch,
-		cleared: map[string]clearing{}, out: make(chan Event, 1024), drained: make(chan struct{})}
+		cleared: map[string]clearing{}, reworded: map[string]bool{}, out: make(chan Event, 1024), drained: make(chan struct{})}
 	if k.now == nil {
 		k.now = time.Now
 	}
@@ -170,6 +174,7 @@ func (k *Keeper) Observe(ctx context.Context, o Observation) (Condition, error)
 	if err := o.check(); err != nil {
 		return Condition{}, err
 	}
+	o = k.sayable(o)
 	key := o.Key()
 	for i := 0; i < tries; i++ {
 		now := k.now().UTC()
@@ -627,3 +632,49 @@ func orSelf(resolver string) string {
 	}
 	return resolver
 }
+
+// Unsayable is told of every observation whose words the operator's channel would withhold (novox/hq
+// ADR 0234 §6): its summary or its key carries an address, a domain, a path or a secret's shape. The
+// keeper says such a summary in words itself, and keeps what it said whole in the evidence; a test
+// suite sets this to fail the producer, which is where the summary should have been said rightly.
+var Unsayable func(o Observation, field string, r outward.Refusal)
+
+// sayable is an observation whose summary may leave the mesh: **a summary says things in machine names
+// and the mesh's words** (novox/hq issue 277). One that carries what the channel withholds — a raw error
+// with an address in it, a path — is said in words here, as the last stand before the operator would
+// read "its words are withheld" instead of the alert; what it carried goes to the evidence, which
+// stays inside the mesh.
+func (k *Keeper) sayable(o Observation) Observation {
+	machines := append([]string{o.Machine}, o.Also...)
+	if r, ok := outward.Check(o.Key(), machines...); !ok && Unsayable != nil {
+		Unsayable(o, "key", r)
+	}
+	r, ok := outward.Check(o.Summary, machines...)
+	if ok {
+		return o
+	}
+	if Unsayable != nil {
+		Unsayable(o, "summary", r)
+	}
+	whole := o.Summary
+	o.Summary = outward.Scrub(whole, fmt.Sprintf("a %s condition about %s %s: what it says is kept in its evidence "+
+		"(`conditions show`)", o.Kind, o.Scope, o.ID), machines...)
+	switch {
+	case o.Said == "":
+		o.Said = whole
+	case !strings.Contains(o.Said, whole):
+		o.Said += " — as raised: " + whole
+	}
+	k.mu.Lock()
+	if k.reworded == nil {
+		k.reworded = map[string]bool{}
+	}
+	first := !k.reworded[o.Key()]
+	k.reworded[o.Key()] = true
+	k.mu.Unlock()
+	if first {
+		k.say("the condition %s's summary carried %s, which the operator's channel withholds: said in words, "+
+			"and kept whole in its evidence — its source should say it so", o.Key(), r.What)
+	}
+	return o
+}
diff --git a/internal/outward/outward.go b/internal/outward/outward.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6de9d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/outward/outward.go
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+// Package outward is the operator channel's content rule, as the controller holds its own words to it
+// (novox/hq ADR 0234 §6, to-be 45 §5).
+//
+// **What may leave the mesh is machine names and words.** The messenger refuses a message that carries
+// an address, a domain, a path or anything shaped like a secret, and withholds its words — so a
+// condition whose summary carried a resolver's address reached the operator as "this message carried an
+// IPv4 address, so its words are withheld" instead of the alert (2026-10-06). The rule is the
+// messenger's, and stays the messenger's: this package mirrors its patterns so that the controller can
+// hold a condition's summary to it where the summary is made, and a test can fail a summary that would
+// be withheld. Detail — an address, a socket's error, a path — belongs in a condition's evidence, which
+// stays inside the mesh.
+//
+// Mirrored, not imported: the messenger is a module of the catalogue with its own module path, and a
+// pattern changed there is changed here (the table in outward_test.go names the shapes both refuse).
+// Where the two differ, this one may only be the stricter: what passes here passes there.
+package outward
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// Refusal says why a text may not leave: the class of what it carried, never the text itself.
+type Refusal struct {
+	Class string // address, path or secret
+	What  string // a few words: "an IPv4 address", "a URL", …
+}
+
+func (r Refusal) String() string { return r.Class + " (" + r.What + ")" }
+
+// The messenger's patterns (mesh-catalog modules/messenger content.go), one for one.
+var (
+	reURL      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*://`)
+	reEmail    = regexp.MustCompile(`[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9-]+(\.[A-Za-z0-9-]+)*\.[A-Za-z]{2,}`)
+	reIPv4     = regexp.MustCompile(`\b\d{1,3}(\.\d{1,3}){3}\b`)
+	reIPv6     = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)(^|[^0-9a-z:])(([0-9a-f]{1,4}:){4,7}[0-9a-f]{1,4}|([0-9a-f]{1,4}:)*[0-9a-f]{0,4}::([0-9a-f]{1,4}:)*[0-9a-f]{0,4})([^0-9a-z:]|$)`)
+	reMAC      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b([0-9a-f]{2}[:-]){5}[0-9a-f]{2}\b`)
+	rePEM      = regexp.MustCompile(`-----BEGIN [A-Z ]+-----`)
+	reJWT      = regexp.MustCompile(`\beyJ[A-Za-z0-9_-]{8,}\.[A-Za-z0-9_-]{8,}`)
+	reBotToken = regexp.MustCompile(`\b\d{6,}:[A-Za-z0-9_-]{30,}`)
+	reKnown    = regexp.MustCompile(`\b(gh[pousr]_[A-Za-z0-9]{20,}|glpat-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{16,}|sk-[A-Za-z0-9_-]{16,}|xox[abprs]-[A-Za-z0-9-]{10,}|AKIA[0-9A-Z]{16})`)
+	reAssigned = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b(password|passwd|passphrase|secret|token|api[_-]?key|apikey|credential|private[_-]?key)\s*[=:]\s*\S`)
+	reHex      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b[0-9a-f]{32,}\b`)
+	reRun      = regexp.MustCompile(`[A-Za-z0-9+/=_]{20,}`)
+	reWinPath  = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b[a-z]:\\`)
+)
+
+// topLevel are names that end a host name, as the messenger reads them.
+var topLevel = map[string]bool{}
+
+func init() {
+	for _, t := range strings.Fields(`com net org edu gov mil int io dev app cloud ai co me info biz xyz
+		site online tech page link
+		be nl de fr uk lu eu ch at it es pt se no dk fi pl cz us ca au nz jp cn ru in br ie
+		internal lan home local localdomain corp intranet private arpa test example invalid localhost`) {
+		topLevel[t] = true
+	}
+}
+
+// wordSeparators split a text into the words the messenger reads one by one.
+const wordSeparators = "\"'`()[]{}<>,;|"
+
+func isSeparator(r rune) bool { return unicode.IsSpace(r) || strings.ContainsRune(wordSeparators, r) }
+
+// Check says whether a text may leave the mesh, and when not, why. **The mesh's own machine names may
+// appear** (ADR 0234 §6): a word that is one of machines is read as a name, whatever its shape —
+// never as a host name, a path or a random string. A machine name joined to a domain is a domain.
+func Check(text string, machines ...string) (Refusal, bool) {
+	text = withoutMachines(text, machines)
+	switch {
+	case reURL.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"address", "a URL"}, false
+	case reEmail.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"address", "a mail address"}, false
+	case reIPv4.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"address", "an IPv4 address"}, false
+	case reMAC.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"address", "a hardware address"}, false
+	case reIPv6.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"address", "an IPv6 address"}, false
+	case rePEM.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a key block"}, false
+	case reJWT.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a signed token"}, false
+	case reBotToken.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a bot token"}, false
+	case reKnown.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a known token shape"}, false
+	case reAssigned.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a value given to a secret's name"}, false
+	case reHex.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"secret", "a long hexadecimal string"}, false
+	case reWinPath.MatchString(text):
+		return Refusal{"path", "a drive path"}, false
+	}
+	for _, run := range reRun.FindAllString(text, -1) {
+		if looksRandom(run) {
+			return Refusal{"secret", "a long random-looking string"}, false
+		}
+	}
+	for _, word := range strings.FieldsFunc(text, isSeparator) {
+		w := strings.TrimRight(word, ".:!?")
+		if isPath(w) {
+			return Refusal{"path", "a file path"}, false
+		}
+		if isHostName(w) {
+			return Refusal{"address", "a host name"}, false
+		}
+	}
+	return Refusal{}, true
+}
+
+// What Scrub says in words, beyond the messenger's patterns: an address with its port and what a
+// socket says around it ("udp 192.0.2.1:53"), a bracketed IPv6 address, a key block whole, a secret's
+// value, a drive path whole.
+var (
+	scrubURL      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*://\S*`)
+	scrubIPv4     = regexp.MustCompile(`\b\d{1,3}(\.\d{1,3}){3}(:\d+)?\b`)
+	scrubIPv6     = regexp.MustCompile(`\[[0-9a-fA-F:.%]*:[0-9a-fA-F:.%]*\](:\d+)?`)
+	scrubPEM      = regexp.MustCompile(`(?s)-----BEGIN [A-Z ]+-----.*?(-----END [A-Z ]+-----|$)`)
+	scrubAssigned = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b(password|passwd|passphrase|secret|token|api[_-]?key|apikey|credential|private[_-]?key)\s*[=:]\s*\S+`)
+	scrubWinPath  = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)\b[a-z]:\\\S*`)
+)
+
+// Scrub is a text with everything Check refuses said in words instead: an address as "an address", a
+// path as "a path", a secret's shape as "(withheld)". The text's own words, and the machine names, are
+// kept. What Scrub cannot make pass is replaced whole by fallback — never sent as it was.
+func Scrub(text, fallback string, machines ...string) string {
+	if _, ok := Check(text, machines...); ok {
+		return text
+	}
+	out := scrubURL.ReplaceAllString(text, "an address")
+	out = reEmail.ReplaceAllString(out, "an address")
+	out = scrubIPv4.ReplaceAllString(out, "an address")
+	out = reMAC.ReplaceAllString(out, "a hardware address")
+	out = scrubIPv6.ReplaceAllString(out, "an address")
+	for i := 0; i < 4 && reIPv6.MatchString(out); i++ {
+		out = reIPv6.ReplaceAllString(out, "${1}an address${6}")
+	}
+	out = scrubPEM.ReplaceAllString(out, "(withheld)")
+	for _, re := range []*regexp.Regexp{reJWT, reBotToken, reKnown, reHex} {
+		out = re.ReplaceAllString(out, "(withheld)")
+	}
+	out = scrubAssigned.ReplaceAllString(out, "${1} (withheld)")
+	out = scrubWinPath.ReplaceAllString(out, "a path")
+	out = reRun.ReplaceAllStringFunc(out, func(run string) string {
+		if looksRandom(run) {
+			return "(withheld)"
+		}
+		return run
+	})
+	out = eachWord(out, func(w string) string {
+		switch {
+		case isMachine(w, machines):
+			return w
+		case isPath(w):
+			return "a path"
+		case isHostName(w):
+			return "a host name"
+		}
+		return w
+	})
+	if _, ok := Check(out, machines...); ok {
+		return out
+	}
+	return fallback
+}
+
+// withoutMachines is a text with every machine name that stands as a word of its own read as a plain
+// word, so the patterns do not read a name as anything else.
+func withoutMachines(text string, machines []string) string {
+	if len(machines) == 0 {
+		return text
+	}
+	return eachWord(text, func(w string) string {
+		if isMachine(w, machines) {
+			return "machine"
+		}
+		return w
+	})
+}
+
+// eachWord is a text with each word, as the messenger splits and trims it, put through say; what
+// separates the words, and the punctuation a word ends in, are kept.
+func eachWord(text string, say func(w string) string) string {
+	var b strings.Builder
+	start := -1
+	flush := func(end int) {
+		if start < 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		word := text[start:end]
+		w := strings.TrimRight(word, ".:!?")
+		if w == "" {
+			b.WriteString(word)
+		} else {
+			b.WriteString(say(w) + word[len(w):])
+		}
+		start = -1
+	}
+	for i, r := range text {
+		if isSeparator(r) {
+			flush(i)
+			b.WriteRune(r)
+			continue
+		}
+		if start < 0 {
+			start = i
+		}
+	}
+	flush(len(text))
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+func isMachine(w string, machines []string) bool {
+	for _, m := range machines {
+		if m != "" && strings.EqualFold(w, m) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// isPath: absolute, home-relative or dot-relative, or two separators deep. A mesh address names one
+// machine and one tool (`ace/postgres.query`) and has one; a ratio ("3/4") has digits only.
+func isPath(w string) bool {
+	if w == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(w, "/") && len(w) > 1 {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, p := range []string{"~/", "./", "../", "$HOME", "${"} {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(w, p) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Count(w, "/") >= 2 || strings.Contains(w, "\\")
+}
+
+// isHostName: two names or more, the last a top-level one. A condition key's last name is its kind
+// (`machine.ace.silent`), which none of these is.
+func isHostName(w string) bool {
+	w = strings.ToLower(w)
+	if w == "localhost" {
+		return true
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(w, ".")
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		return false
+	}
+	for _, p := range parts {
+		if p == "" {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return topLevel[parts[len(parts)-1]]
+}
+
+// looksRandom: letters and digits mixed, and the characters spread as a random string's are.
+func looksRandom(s string) bool {
+	var letters, digits int
+	counts := map[rune]int{}
+	for _, r := range s {
+		counts[r]++
+		switch {
+		case unicode.IsLetter(r):
+			letters++
+		case unicode.IsDigit(r):
+			digits++
+		}
+	}
+	if letters == 0 || digits == 0 {
+		return letters > 0 && hasUpperAndLower(s) && entropy(counts, len(s)) >= 4.0
+	}
+	return entropy(counts, len(s)) >= 3.3
+}
+
+func hasUpperAndLower(s string) bool {
+	return strings.IndexFunc(s, unicode.IsUpper) >= 0 && strings.IndexFunc(s, unicode.IsLower) >= 0
+}
+
+func entropy(counts map[rune]int, n int) float64 {
+	e := 0.0
+	for _, c := range counts {
+		p := float64(c) / float64(n)
+		e -= p * math.Log2(p)
+	}
+	return e
+}
diff --git a/internal/outward/outward_test.go b/internal/outward/outward_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc1eed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/outward/outward_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package outward
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// machines are the names a mesh in these tests has.
+var machines = []string{"anchor", "laptop", "g14", "home-server"}
+
+// **The content rule's table** (novox/hq ADR 0234, "machine names pass the content rule; domains,
+// addresses, paths and secrets do not"): the shapes the messenger refuses are refused here, and the
+// words a condition is made of pass — the mesh's machine names among them.
+func TestMachineNamesPassAndAddressesDomainsPathsAndSecretsDoNot(t *testing.T) {
+	pass := []string{
+		"the mesh's resolver on anchor has not answered for two runs of the self-check",
+		"laptop has not been heard from since 2026-10-06 15:02 UTC (bound 3m0s)",
+		"g14's node-engine would refuse its declaration whole",
+		"home-server runs the node-engine 3f2a9c1b7d0e, the mesh holds 5e6f7a8b9c0d",
+		"seat.mesh-dns-resolver.anchor.wrong",
+		"anchor/postgres.query answers",
+		"3/4 of the consumers are behind; 1200 message(s) behind its stream's head",
+		"the plan for novox/app c0ffee00 has been at tier 1 of 2",
+		"mesh-controller.conditions key=machine.anchor.silent",
+		"backed-up 2 days ago: tank/data shrank to 1.2 GiB",
+	}
+	for _, text := range pass {
+		if r, ok := Check(text, machines...); !ok {
+			t.Errorf("refused as %s: %q", r, text)
+		}
+	}
+	refuse := map[string]string{
+		"AAAA for anchor: no answer from 10.77.0.1: read udp 10.77.0.3:41234->10.77.0.1:53: i/o timeout": "address",
+		"the resolver at [fd00::1]:53 did not answer":                                                    "address",
+		"fe80::1ff:fe23:4567:890a is banned":                                                             "address",
+		"anchor.internal answered NXDOMAIN":                                                              "address",
+		"the store at https://artifacts.example.org/v2 is away":                                          "address",
+		"write to jochen@example.org":                                                                    "address",
+		"aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff":                                                                              "address",
+		"data at /srv/postgres/data is gone":                                                             "path",
+		"kept at ~/backups":                                                                              "path",
+		`kept at C:\backups`:                                                                             "path",
+		"password=hunter2":                                                                               "secret",
+		"the token glpat-abcdefghijklmnop12 leaked":                                                      "secret",
+		"0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef01":                                                             "secret",
+	}
+	for text, class := range refuse {
+		r, ok := Check(text, machines...)
+		if ok || r.Class != class {
+			t.Errorf("%q: want refused as %s, got %v %v", text, class, r, ok)
+		}
+	}
+	// A machine name joined to a domain is a domain, the machine's name notwithstanding.
+	if _, ok := Check("anchor.lan answered", machines...); ok {
+		t.Error("a machine's name with a domain passed")
+	}
+	// And a machine whose name has a shape the rule would otherwise refuse still passes as a name.
+	if _, ok := Check("node.internal is silent", "node.internal"); !ok {
+		t.Error("a machine name was refused")
+	}
+}
+
+// **Scrub says what Check refuses in words, and what it gives back always passes** — or is the
+// fallback, never the text as it was.
+func TestScrubAlwaysGivesWhatMayLeave(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, text := range []string{
+		"AAAA for anchor.internal: no answer from 10.77.0.1: read udp 10.77.0.3:41234->10.77.0.1:53: i/o timeout",
+		"dial tcp [fd00::1]:4222: connect: connection refused",
+		"open /var/lib/mesh/data/x.db: no such file or directory",
+		"GET https://artifacts.example.org/v2/blobs/sha256:0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef: 404",
+		"password=hunter2 and a key -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\nAAAA\n-----END PRIVATE KEY-----",
+		"laptop's ban list holds 192.0.2.7 (anchor's endpoint)",
+	} {
+		got := Scrub(text, "FALLBACK", machines...)
+		if r, ok := Check(got, machines...); !ok {
+			t.Errorf("Scrub(%q) = %q still refused as %s", text, got, r)
+		}
+		if got == "FALLBACK" {
+			t.Errorf("Scrub(%q) fell back where words could be kept", text)
+		}
+	}
+	if got := Scrub("laptop's ban list holds 192.0.2.7", "", machines...); !strings.HasPrefix(got, "laptop's ban list holds an address") {
+		t.Errorf("the machine's name was not kept: %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := Scrub("nothing wrong with anchor", "", machines...); got != "nothing wrong with anchor" {
+		t.Errorf("a text that passes was changed: %q", got)
+	}
+}