mesh-controller/internal/catalogue/manifest.go

// Package catalogue is what modules are, and what a node gets when it is assigned some.
//
// novox/hq ADR 0009: everything is a module, a module declares what it provides and requires,
// and a module declares what it claims. This turns a set of assignments into the one declaration
// a node is sent — which is the first thing the control plane decides rather than relays.
package catalogue

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
)

// Scopes a claim can have.
//
// Not everything singular is singular per machine: a seat is one per node, a DHCP server is one
// per segment, and the hub is one per mesh. Scope says which, and it is the same idea the mesh
// already enforces by hand for the hub.
const (
	ScopeNode = "node"
	ScopeSite = "site"
	ScopeMesh = "mesh"
)

// name is what a module, a provision or a claim may be called.
//
// Constrained because these become resource identities, permission patterns and error messages,
// and a name that is valid in one and not the others is a fault found late.
// renamed is what a field used to be called, and what it is now.
//
// Kept rather than dropped once the rename is done: a manifest written against the old name is
// refused either way, and the difference is whether whoever wrote it has to go and find out why.
var renamed = map[string]string{
	// `needs` and `secrets` were both name-to-path and differed only in whose secret it was, so
	// reaching for the wrong one parsed cleanly and failed somewhere else entirely.
	"needs": "own-secrets",
}

var name = regexp.MustCompile(`^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9-]*(\.[a-z0-9][a-z0-9-]*)*$`)

// Claim is a singular resource a module takes over.
type Claim struct {
	Name string `json:"name"`
	// Scope defaults to the node, which is where nearly everything singular is singular.
	Scope string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
}

// At is this claim's scope, with the default applied.
func (c Claim) At() string {
	if c.Scope == "" {
		return ScopeNode
	}
	return c.Scope
}

// Offer is something a module provides, and where the answer to it may live.
//
// **The distinction this exists for:** a shell, a display server and a private network have to be
// on the machine that needs them. A database, an object store and an identity provider do not —
// they run somewhere in the mesh and are reached over it. Treating the second as the first
// installs PostgreSQL on every machine that runs a web application, which is what happened until
// this field existed.
//
// Written as a bare string in the ordinary case, because nearly everything is node-scoped and
// making every manifest say so would bury the few that are not:
//
//	"provides": ["shell"]
//	"provides": [{"name": "postgres-database", "scope": "mesh"}]
type Offer struct {
	Name string `json:"name"`
	// Scope defaults to the node, which is where most things must be to be usable.
	Scope string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
}

// At is this offer's scope, with the default applied.
func (o Offer) At() string {
	if o.Scope == "" {
		return ScopeNode
	}
	return o.Scope
}

// UnmarshalJSON accepts a plain name as well as an object.
func (o *Offer) UnmarshalJSON(raw []byte) error {
	var plain string
	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &plain); err == nil {
		o.Name, o.Scope = plain, ""
		return nil
	}
	var full struct {
		Name  string `json:"name"`
		Scope string `json:"scope,omitempty"`
	}
	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, &full); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("a provided name is either a string or {name, scope}: %w", err)
	}
	o.Name, o.Scope = full.Name, full.Scope
	return nil
}

// MarshalJSON writes back the short form when there is nothing else to say, so a manifest that
// went through the mesh comes out looking like the one that went in.
func (o Offer) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	if o.Scope == "" {
		return json.Marshal(o.Name)
	}
	return json.Marshal(struct {
		Name  string `json:"name"`
		Scope string `json:"scope"`
	}{o.Name, o.Scope})
}

// Manifest is everything a module says about itself.
type Manifest struct {
	Module  string `json:"module"`
	Version string `json:"version,omitempty"`

	// Provides are the names other modules may require. A module always provides its own name;
	// this is for the rest — `zsh` provides `shell`, `xorg` provides `display-server`.
	Provides []Offer `json:"provides,omitempty"`

	// Requires are names that must be provided by something assigned to the same node.
	Requires []string `json:"requires,omitempty"`

	// Claims are singular resources. Two modules claiming one thing within a scope cannot both
	// be assigned there — which is how exclusivity is expressed, rather than as a list of rivals
	// that every new module would force its predecessors to update.
	Claims []Claim `json:"claims,omitempty"`

	// Capabilities the machine must have. A different field from Requires because the remedy
	// differs: a missing module can be assigned, and a missing capability means the wrong
	// machine.
	Capabilities []string `json:"capabilities,omitempty"`

	// Resources are what this module puts on a node, in the host's own vocabulary.
	Resources []map[string]any `json:"resources,omitempty"`

	// Computed names something in the control plane that works this module's resources out per
	// node, instead of them being fixed here.
	//
	// Because some files cannot be written in advance. A machine's peer list on the private
	// network is derived from every other machine, so it differs on each one and changes when any
	// of them changes — there is nothing to put in a manifest.
	//
	// Being a module anyway is the point: it is assigned like anything else, so a machine that
	// should not be on the private network simply is not given it, and the network is worked out
	// over the machines that have it. Before this, connectivity was code beside the module system
	// doing the same job, and every machine with an address was on the network whether or not
	// anybody wanted it there.
	Computed string `json:"computed,omitempty"`

	// Contributes is what this module tells whatever answers a requirement.
	//
	// The other half of an edge. `requires` says a thing must be there; this says what to do with
	// it — a web application requiring a reverse proxy has to say *which name, which port*, and
	// until now there was nowhere to put that. Every module that needed it was reduced to
	// reaching into the control plane's database directly, which is how two of them came to hold
	// a credential to it permanently.
	//
	// Keyed by the requirement, because that is what the contribution is *about*. Contributing to
	// something is requiring it: asking to be published means a publisher must exist, and a
	// module that had to say both would eventually say one.
	Contributes map[string]map[string]any `json:"contributes,omitempty"`

	// Receives is where this module wants its consumers' contributions written, per requirement
	// it provides.
	//
	// A file, in the mesh's own shape, replaced whenever the set changes. **The control plane
	// does not know what a reverse proxy is** and does not write one's configuration — it
	// delivers the facts, and the module turns them into whatever it runs. That boundary is why
	// swapping the proxy does not touch a single module that publishes through it.
	Receives map[string]string `json:"receives,omitempty"`

	// Serves is what a consumer needs to know in order to use something this module provides — a
	// port, a path, a realm. The module's half of the answer; the mesh adds the other half, which
	// is *which machine* and *where it is on the private network*.
	//
	// It does not carry a credential and cannot: a manifest is the same on every mesh, and a
	// secret is the one thing that must not be.
	Serves map[string]map[string]any `json:"serves,omitempty"`

	// Build says how this module's artifacts are produced from its source.
	//
	// The manifest in a repository names artifacts; the manifest the mesh holds names digests.
	// **They are not the same document**, and that is deliberate: a digest is not knowable until
	// something is built, and a repository that carried one would be a repository whose file is
	// wrong the moment anybody edits anything.
	Build *Build `json:"build,omitempty"`

	// Binds is where this module wants to be told about something it requires, per requirement.
	//
	// Because "this machine needs a database from the anchor" is useless to the program that
	// needs it unless the program is told. A file, like everything else — the host writes files
	// and knows nothing about provisions, which is what keeps this from needing anything new
	// down there.
	Binds map[string]string `json:"binds,omitempty"`

	// Secrets is where this module wants the credential for something it requires, per
	// requirement. The file holds the value and nothing else, so a program can read it without
	// parsing anything.
	//
	// **Its own file, separate from Binds, because the mesh cannot compose a document containing
	// it.** The value was sealed to this node when it was made and the plaintext discarded — so
	// there is nothing to interpolate into a larger file, and that is the property worth keeping
	// rather than an inconvenience to work around. It also means the readable half stays readable
	// in the declaration, and the secret half changes only when the secret does, which is what
	// makes `restart-on` precise.
	Secrets map[string]string `json:"secrets,omitempty"`

	// OwnSecrets are secrets this module needs in order to be itself, and where to put them.
	//
	// **Named for whose they are, not how secret they are.** `secrets` above is a credential for
	// reaching something else, keyed by the provision it belongs to. These are keyed by a name the
	// module chose and belong to nobody else. Both were `map[string]string` of name to path, and
	// the field was called `needs` — so reaching for the wrong one parsed cleanly and failed
	// somewhere else entirely, which is the shape of fault this whole design exists to prevent.
	//
	// Not tied to a consumer. A database has a superuser password, a broker has an administrator,
	// a registry has an account — each is a secret the module needs in order to be itself, and
	// none of them is *for* anybody. Keyed by a name of the module's choosing, valued by the file
	// it lands in.
	//
	// **Generated per node and sealed to it**, like everything else the mesh hands out, so a
	// module running on three machines has three passwords and the mesh can read none of them. A
	// manifest carrying one instead would put the same secret on every machine that ever runs the
	// module, in a file anybody can read, for ever.
	OwnSecrets map[string]string `json:"own-secrets,omitempty"`

	// Listens is what this module accepts connections on, and from where.
	//
	// **A rule names its source** ([ADR 0007](novox/hq)). A port with no source is open to
	// everything that can reach the machine, and saying so is the difference between a manifest
	// that restricts something and one that appears to — which is the fault
	// [04-ISSUES/003](novox/hq) records, where five manifests carried a `scope:` nothing read.
	//
	// **Derived, not kept in step by hand.** A machine's open ports are a consequence of what runs
	// on it; the mesh gathers these and hands the whole set to whatever enforces them.
	Listens []Listening `json:"listens,omitempty"`

	// Filtering is where this module wants the node's whole computed rule set written.
	//
	// One module per node asks for it, and what it receives is derived from every module's
	// `listens` rather than from its own — a firewall is a property of the machine, and a module
	// that could only see its own ports would write a rule set that closed everything else.
	Filtering *Filtering `json:"filtering,omitempty"`

	// Certificate is where this module wants a certificate for its machine's name inside the
	// mesh, and where the key that goes with it can be found.
	//
	// **The key is named, not delivered.** The node generated it at enrolment and keeps it; the
	// mesh only ever signs the public half. So what arrives is a certificate, which is public,
	// and a path to a file the machine already has.
	//
	// Two authorities are kept apart on purpose (novox/hq 08-connectivity): this is the mesh's,
	// for names only the mesh knows. A name the outside world reaches is a different authority
	// and a different problem.
	Certificate *Certificate `json:"certificate,omitempty"`

	// Grants is a directory this module wants the credentials of its consumers written into, per
	// provision it offers — one file per consumer, named for it, holding the value alone.
	//
	// A directory rather than one document for the same reason as above: each value is sealed
	// separately and the mesh cannot open any of them to build a list.
	Grants map[string]string `json:"grants,omitempty"`
}

// Build says how to produce this module's artifacts from its source.
//
// **Absent means nothing is built.** A module can be entirely configuration — a shell's rc file,
// a set of firewall rules — and having to declare an empty build for it would be a field that
// exists to be left blank.
type Build struct {
	// Artifacts are what the source produces, each named so a resource can refer to it before
	// anybody knows its digest.
	Artifacts []Artifact `json:"artifacts,omitempty"`
}

// Artifact is one thing built from a module's source.
type Artifact struct {
	// Name is how resources refer to it. Local to the module.
	Name string `json:"name"`
	// Kind is "image" or "archive".
	Kind string `json:"kind"`
	// From is what it is built from, relative to the repository root: a Dockerfile for an image,
	// a directory for an archive.
	From string `json:"from"`
}

// Kinds an artifact may be.
const (
	// ArtifactImage is built from a Dockerfile in this repository.
	ArtifactImage = "image"
	// ArtifactArchive is a directory in this repository, packed.
	ArtifactArchive = "archive"
	// ArtifactUpstream is an image somebody else built, mirrored into the mesh's own registry and
	// pinned by the digest it lands with.
	//
	// **Because a module usually runs software it did not write.** A database module ships
	// configuration and a provisioner and does not build a database. It could name the upstream
	// reference directly, and then every machine needs a route to a public registry and the
	// reference is a tag somebody else can move — which is what pinning exists to prevent
	// (novox/hq ADR 0006).
	//
	// Mirroring is what the bootstrap already does by hand: the lab stocks upstream images into
	// the registry a first node pulls from. This makes that a thing a module can say.
	ArtifactUpstream = "upstream"
)

// Listening is one port a module accepts connections on.
type Listening struct {
	Port int `json:"port"`
	// Protocol is "tcp" or "udp". Absent means tcp, which is what almost everything is — and a
	// field that had to be written every time would be written wrongly some of the time.
	Protocol string `json:"protocol,omitempty"`
	// From is who may reach it. Required, because a rule with no source is open and must say so
	// rather than appear to restrict something.
	From string `json:"from"`
	// Fixed means the protocol chose this number, so the machine must use it too.
	//
	// **The exception, and it is a real one** (novox/hq ADR 0038). Mail is 25, submission is 587,
	// IMAP over TLS is 993 — a mail system on a port the mesh picked is a mail system nothing can
	// deliver to. Everything else the mesh assigns, because a module cannot know what else is on
	// the machine it lands on.
	//
	// A fixed port is a **claim**: one holder per machine, and the second is refused by name when
	// it is assigned rather than by a container runtime when it is applied.
	Fixed bool `json:"fixed,omitempty"`
	// Why this port is open, for somebody reading a generated rule set and wondering.
	Why string `json:"why,omitempty"`
}

// Where a listening port may be reached from.
const (
	// FromMesh is any machine on the private network. What almost everything wants.
	FromMesh = "mesh"
	// FromEverywhere is the public internet. Deliberately spelled out: a port open to everything
	// should be legible as such in the manifest, not the consequence of an omission.
	FromEverywhere = "anywhere"
	// FromMachine is this machine only — a port bound for something else on the same host.
	FromMachine = "machine"
)

// At is this port's protocol, with the default applied.
func (l Listening) At() string {
	if l.Protocol == "" {
		return "tcp"
	}
	return l.Protocol
}

// Filtering says where a module wants the computed rule set.
type Filtering struct {
	// Into is the path to write it to. Whatever loads it is this module's own business — an
	// action beside this field, ordinarily — because how a machine enforces rules is a fact about
	// the machine and the mesh has no business knowing it.
	Into string `json:"into"`
}

// Certificate says where a module wants what the mesh issued for its machine.
type Certificate struct {
	// Into is where the certificate is written.
	Into string `json:"into"`
	// Authority is where the mesh's own certificate is written, so something connecting to this
	// machine can be told what to believe. Optional: a module that only serves does not need it.
	Authority string `json:"authority,omitempty"`
}

// CertificateID and AuthorityID are the resource identities of what the mesh issued.
func CertificateID() string { return "certificate" }
func AuthorityID() string   { return "certificate-authority" }

// FilteringID names the computed rule set, so it is the same resource across every declaration
// and a change to it is an update rather than an addition beside the old one.
func FilteringID() string { return "filtering" }

// NeedID is the resource identity of the file a module's own secret lands in.
func NeedID(name string) string { return "needs-" + name }

// SecretID is the resource identity of the file a module is given a credential in.
func SecretID(requirement string) string { return "secret-" + requirement }

// GrantID is the resource identity of one consumer's credential on the providing machine.
func GrantID(provision, consumer string) string { return "grant-" + provision + "-" + consumer }

// BoundID is the resource identity of the file a module is told about a provision in.
func BoundID(requirement string) string { return "bound-" + requirement }

// Wants is everything that must be provided on the same node: what this module requires, and what
// it contributes to.
func (m Manifest) Wants() []string {
	out := append([]string{}, m.Requires...)
	for to := range m.Contributes {
		var already bool
		for _, r := range m.Requires {
			if r == to {
				already = true
			}
		}
		if !already {
			out = append(out, to)
		}
	}
	sort.Strings(out)
	return out
}

// ReceivedID is the resource identity of the file a provider is given its contributions in.
//
// Named rather than positional so a module can point `restart-on` at it: a proxy that got a new
// route and did not reload is a route that silently does not work, which is the same fault the
// overlay had when a peer list changed under a running interface.
func ReceivedID(requirement string) string { return "received-" + requirement }

// ParseManifest reads a module manifest, refusing anything it cannot act on.
//
// Every problem is reported rather than the first, because somebody writing a manifest fixes
// them in one pass or in four.
func ParseManifest(raw []byte) (Manifest, error) {
	var m Manifest
	// Strictly. **An unknown key is refused**, which is the discipline the host's declaration
	// parser has and manifests lacked (novox/hq 04-ISSUES/003): a `scope:` key survived in five
	// manifests, read by nothing, making them appear to restrict a port and restrict nothing.
	//
	// "An unenforced rule is indistinguishable from a wrong one, and costs more, because people
	// believe it" — and a silently-accepted key is worse than unenforced, because a reviewer
	// checking whether something is restricted will find that it is, and be wrong.
	decoder := json.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(raw))
	decoder.DisallowUnknownFields()
	if err := decoder.Decode(&m); err != nil {
		// A key that used to mean something says what it became. Refusing a renamed field with
		// "unknown field" is correct and unhelpful: whoever wrote it knew what they meant, and
		// the mesh knows what it is called now.
		for was, is := range renamed {
			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), `"`+was+`"`) {
				return Manifest{}, fmt.Errorf(
					"this manifest says %q, which is now called %q: %w", was, is, err)
			}
		}
		return Manifest{}, fmt.Errorf("this is not a module manifest: %w", err)
	}

	var problems []string
	if !name.MatchString(m.Module) {
		problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
			"%q is not a usable module name: lower-case letters, digits, dashes and dots", m.Module))
	}
	for _, offer := range m.Provides {
		p := offer.Name
		if !name.MatchString(p) {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%q is not a usable name to provide", p))
		}
		if instead, generic := engineGeneric[p]; generic {
			// A consumer is written against an engine, not a role (novox/hq ADR 0027). Providing
			// the role means a requirement for it matches any engine, resolves as satisfied, and
			// fails on the first query — with nothing pointing back at the match.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s provides %q, which hides which engine it is: a requirement for %q would match "+
					"any of them and fail on the first query. Name the engine — %s",
				m.Module, p, p, instead))
		}
		if s := offer.At(); s != ScopeNode && s != ScopeMesh {
			// Site scope is meaningful for a claim — one DHCP server per segment — and is not
			// yet meaningful for a provision, because nothing knows how to reach "the one at my
			// site". Refused rather than silently treated as mesh-wide.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s provides %q at scope %q; a provision is %q or %q",
				m.Module, p, s, ScopeNode, ScopeMesh))
		}
		if p == m.Module {
			// Harmless and worth saying: a module always provides its own name, so writing it
			// suggests the author expected it not to.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s provides its own name already; listing it says nothing", m.Module))
		}
	}
	for _, r := range m.Requires {
		if !name.MatchString(r) {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%q is not a usable name to require", r))
		}
		if r == m.Module {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s requires itself", m.Module))
		}
	}
	for _, c := range m.Claims {
		if !name.MatchString(c.Name) {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%q is not a usable claim name", c.Name))
		}
		switch c.At() {
		case ScopeNode, ScopeSite, ScopeMesh:
		default:
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s claims %s at scope %q; a claim is held per node, per site or per mesh",
				m.Module, c.Name, c.Scope))
		}
	}
	if m.Computed != "" && len(m.Resources) > 0 {
		// One or the other. A module that both ships files and has them computed would leave
		// nobody able to say where a given file came from.
		problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
			"%s has resources of its own and says they are computed by %q; it is one or the other",
			m.Module, m.Computed))
	}
	for to, values := range m.Contributes {
		if !name.MatchString(to) {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%q is not a usable name to contribute to", to))
		}
		if len(values) == 0 {
			// An empty contribution is either a mistake or a requirement written the long way
			// round, and both are better said plainly.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s contributes nothing to %q; if it only needs one, require it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	problems = append(problems, m.Build.problems(m.Module)...)
	for to := range m.Serves {
		var offered bool
		for _, o := range m.Offers() {
			if o == to {
				offered = true
			}
		}
		if !offered {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s serves %q to whoever requires it, and does not provide it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	for to, where := range m.Binds {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(where, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s binds %q at %q, which is not an absolute path", m.Module, to, where))
		}
		var wanted bool
		for _, w := range m.Wants() {
			if w == to {
				wanted = true
			}
		}
		if !wanted {
			// Being told about something you never asked for would write a file describing a
			// machine this one has no business talking to.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s binds %q and does not require it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	if f := m.Filtering; f != nil && strings.TrimSpace(f.Into) == "" {
		problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
			"%s asks for the computed rule set and does not say where to put it", m.Module))
	}
	for _, l := range m.Listens {
		if l.Port < 1 || l.Port > 65535 {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s listens on port %d, which is not a port", m.Module, l.Port))
		}
		switch l.From {
		case FromMesh, FromEverywhere, FromMachine:
		case "":
			// The fault this field exists to prevent. A rule with no source is open, and a
			// manifest that omitted it would read as a restriction and be none.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s listens on %d and does not say from where; it is %q, %q or %q",
				m.Module, l.Port, FromMesh, FromEverywhere, FromMachine))
		default:
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s listens on %d from %q; it is %q, %q or %q",
				m.Module, l.Port, l.From, FromMesh, FromEverywhere, FromMachine))
		}
		if p := l.At(); p != "tcp" && p != "udp" {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s listens on %d over %q, which is tcp or udp", m.Module, l.Port, p))
		}
	}
	if c := m.Certificate; c != nil {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(c.Into, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s wants its certificate at %q, which is not an absolute path", m.Module, c.Into))
		}
		if c.Authority != "" && !strings.HasPrefix(c.Authority, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s wants the authority at %q, which is not an absolute path",
				m.Module, c.Authority))
		}
	}
	// **A module may not declare an action, and this is where it is said** (novox/hq ADR 0005).
	//
	// The host already refuses one, correctly and for the right reason: the link may not carry a
	// command to run, and that bound is what limits a compromised control plane to shapes it
	// cannot turn into arbitrary code. But a module's resources reach a machine over the link, so
	// a manifest carrying an action was accepted here, stored, resolved, planned and pushed — and
	// refused on the machine, in the host's log, with nothing connecting it back to the manifest
	// that caused it.
	//
	// That is the same failure as the network shape earlier today: the refusal was right, arrived
	// far from its cause, and nobody was reading the log. A rule enforced only at the far end is
	// enforced; it is just not usable.
	for _, r := range m.Resources {
		if fmt.Sprint(r["type"]) != "action" {
			continue
		}
		problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
			"%s declares %v, which is an action, and a module may not: the link may not carry a "+
				"command to run (novox/hq ADR 0005). A module that needs something done ships a "+
				"program that reads what the mesh delivered and reconciles",
			m.Module, r["id"]))
	}
	// **A container may not mount a path the module never declared** (novox/hq 04-ISSUES/026).
	//
	// A bind mount whose source does not exist is created by the container runtime, as root, with
	// whatever mode it picks. So `owner` and `mode` — which exist precisely so a module can say who
	// its data belongs to — are silently not applied to the only directories that hold data.
	//
	// And the protection written for exactly this case does not reach them. A directory the mesh
	// declared and no longer wants is kept, not removed, when it holds anything the mesh did not
	// put there (novox/hq ADR 0030). That rule is the answer to *what happens to my data when a
	// module goes away*, and it is written in terms of declared directories. An undeclared one is
	// outside it, because the mesh does not know it is there.
	//
	// Checked here rather than on the machine because the machine cannot tell the difference: by
	// the time it sees the mount it is being asked to create the directory, which is a thing it is
	// perfectly able to do. The fault is in the manifest, so it is named at the manifest.
	declared := map[string]bool{}
	for _, r := range m.Resources {
		switch fmt.Sprint(r["type"]) {
		case "directory", "file":
			if p := fmt.Sprint(r["path"]); strings.HasPrefix(p, "/") {
				declared[strings.TrimRight(p, "/")] = true
			}
		}
	}
	// A secret the mesh seals onto the machine is a file this module owns; it is declared by
	// `own-secrets` rather than by a resource, and mounting it is the ordinary way a container
	// reads it.
	for _, where := range m.OwnSecrets {
		declared[strings.TrimRight(where, "/")] = true
	}
	for _, where := range m.Secrets {
		declared[strings.TrimRight(where, "/")] = true
	}
	for _, where := range m.Receives {
		declared[strings.TrimRight(where, "/")] = true
	}
	for _, where := range m.Grants {
		declared[strings.TrimRight(where, "/")] = true
	}
	// Under a declared directory is declared: a module that says where its data lives has said so
	// for what it puts inside.
	covers := func(path string) bool {
		for at := path; strings.HasPrefix(at, "/"); {
			if declared[at] {
				return true
			}
			cut := strings.LastIndex(at, "/")
			if cut <= 0 {
				return false
			}
			at = at[:cut]
		}
		return false
	}
	for _, r := range m.Resources {
		if fmt.Sprint(r["type"]) != "container" {
			continue
		}
		mounts, _ := r["volumes"].([]any)
		for _, v := range mounts {
			from, _, _ := strings.Cut(fmt.Sprint(v), ":")
			if !strings.HasPrefix(from, "/") || covers(strings.TrimRight(from, "/")) {
				continue
			}
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s mounts %q into %v, and nothing in %s declares it: a bind mount the module did "+
					"not declare is created by the container runtime as root, so the module's own "+
					"owner and mode do not reach the directory that holds its data, and the rule "+
					"that keeps data when a module goes away (novox/hq ADR 0030) does not cover it",
				m.Module, from, r["id"], m.Module))
		}
	}
	for name, where := range m.OwnSecrets {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(where, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s needs %q at %q, which is not an absolute path", m.Module, name, where))
		}
		if name == "" {
			problems = append(problems, m.Module+" needs a secret with no name")
		}
	}
	for to, where := range m.Secrets {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(where, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s keeps the credential for %q at %q, which is not an absolute path",
				m.Module, to, where))
		}
		var wanted bool
		for _, w := range m.Wants() {
			if w == to {
				wanted = true
			}
		}
		if !wanted {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s wants the credential for %q and does not require it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	for to, where := range m.Grants {
		if !strings.HasPrefix(where, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s grants %q into %q, which is not an absolute path", m.Module, to, where))
		}
		var offered bool
		for _, o := range m.Offers() {
			if o == to {
				offered = true
			}
		}
		if !offered {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s grants %q to its consumers and does not provide it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	for to, where := range m.Receives {
		if !name.MatchString(to) {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%q is not a usable name to receive", to))
		}
		if !strings.HasPrefix(where, "/") {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s receives %q at %q, which is not an absolute path", m.Module, to, where))
		}
		var offered bool
		for _, o := range m.Offers() {
			if o == to {
				offered = true
			}
		}
		if !offered {
			// Receiving contributions to something you do not provide would create a file nobody
			// ever writes to, on a machine where nothing asked for it.
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf(
				"%s receives contributions to %q and does not provide it", m.Module, to))
		}
	}
	for i, r := range m.Resources {
		id, _ := r["id"].(string)
		if id == "" {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("resource %d has no id", i))
		}
		if _, ok := r["type"].(string); !ok {
			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("resource %q has no type", id))
		}
	}

	if len(problems) > 0 {
		sort.Strings(problems)
		return Manifest{}, fmt.Errorf("this manifest cannot be used:\n  - %s",
			strings.Join(problems, "\n  - "))
	}
	return m, nil
}

// Offers is everything this module can satisfy: its own name, and what it provides.
func (m Manifest) Offers() []string {
	out := []string{m.Module}
	for _, p := range m.Provides {
		out = append(out, p.Name)
	}
	sort.Strings(out)
	return out
}

// OffersAt is what this module provides at one scope, with its own name counted as node-scoped:
// a module is only ever itself on the machine it is installed on.
func (m Manifest) OffersAt(scope string) []string {
	var out []string
	if scope == ScopeNode {
		out = append(out, m.Module)
	}
	for _, p := range m.Provides {
		if p.At() == scope {
			out = append(out, p.Name)
		}
	}
	sort.Strings(out)
	return out
}

// MachineSide says where a module's declared port reaches this machine, and whether the mesh is
// free to choose it.
//
// **The mesh may only move a port it actually publishes** (novox/hq ADR 0038). A container's
// mapping is the thing that translates, so where there is one the mesh can put the machine side
// anywhere it likes. Where there is not, the software binds what it binds: assigning a port then
// does not move the service, it just opens the wrong number in the rule set and leaves the real
// one shut — a firewall that reports success and blocks the thing it was asked to admit.
//
// Three cases, and only the first belongs to the mesh:
//
//   - a container publishes it in short form — the mesh chooses
//   - a container publishes it as host:container — the manifest already chose
//   - nothing publishes it — whatever binds it, binds it
//
// Either side of a long mapping counts as naming it, and the host side is what comes back. A
// module may reasonably read `listens` as the port its software uses or as the port the machine
// exposes, and both readings have the same right answer here.
func (m Manifest) MachineSide(port int) (at int, mayAssign bool) {
	for _, r := range m.Resources {
		if fmt.Sprint(r["type"]) != "container" {
			continue
		}
		listed, ok := r["ports"].([]any)
		if !ok {
			continue
		}
		for _, entry := range listed {
			written := strings.TrimSpace(fmt.Sprint(entry))
			host, inside, long := strings.Cut(written, ":")
			if !long {
				if n, err := strconv.Atoi(written); err == nil && n == port {
					return port, true
				}
				continue
			}
			outer, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(host))
			if err != nil {
				continue
			}
			inner, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(inside))
			if err == nil && (outer == port || inner == port) {
				return outer, false
			}
		}
	}
	return port, false
}