diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer-tools/main.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer-tools/main.go
index d9cb1aa0..baa62b17 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer-tools/main.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer-tools/main.go
@@ -104,12 +104,14 @@ func Tools(ask asker, now func() time.Time, read stdio.KeptState, counts func()
 			Description: "Judge the manifests again now, as the indexer does at its start and after each merge, and answer how the module's " +
 				"verdict stands (waits, refused or accepted, and why). For a manifest that waits for a judge that knows its fields, or " +
 				"after a manifest was mended where the indexer has not heard it. A waiting manifest becomes refused here only when the " +
-				"running indexer is the newest build of itself the trunk holds. indexer_verdicts reads the result.",
+				"running indexer is the newest build of itself the trunk holds. With a digest it judges that one manifest of the " +
+				"module (a candidate's, or one an older judge refused) in the catalogue the trunk holds. indexer_verdicts reads the result.",
 			Input: map[string]any{"type": "object", "required": []string{"module"}, "properties": map[string]any{
 				"module": map[string]any{"type": "string", "description": "the module's name, as the catalogue registers it"},
+				"digest": map[string]any{"type": "string", "description": "one manifest digest of the module to judge (indexer_verdicts names it); none judges every manifest the trunk holds"},
 				"why":    map[string]any{"type": "string", "description": "why it is judged again now, in plain words"}}},
 			Run: func(args map[string]any) (any, error) {
-				key, value, err := index.NewJudgeAgain(str(args, "module"), str(args, "why"), stdio.CallerOf(args), now())
+				key, value, err := index.NewJudgeAgain(str(args, "module"), str(args, "digest"), str(args, "why"), stdio.CallerOf(args), now())
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer/takein.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer/takein.go
index a32aea21..7a98edb7 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer/takein.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/cmd/mesh-delivery-indexer/takein.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 type takerIn interface {
 	TakeIn(ctx context.Context, module string) index.TakenIn
 	TakeInRepository(ctx context.Context, repository string) index.TakenIn
-	JudgeAgain(ctx context.Context, module string) index.TakenIn
+	JudgeAgain(ctx context.Context, module, digest string) index.TakenIn
 }
 
 // takenIn answers one value of the takeins state (the tool indexer_take_in, issue 1945): a value not yet answered takes the
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func takenIn(ctx context.Context, ix takerIn, kv jetstream.KeyValue, e jetstream
 		asked, r = "take-in of a repository", ix.TakeInRepository(ctx, a.Repository)
 		a.Module = a.Repository
 	} else if a.Judge {
-		asked, r = "judging again", ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, a.Module)
+		asked, r = "judging again", ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, a.Module, a.Digest)
 	} else {
 		r = ix.TakeIn(ctx, a.Module)
 	}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/candidates.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/candidates.go
index b1620ac0..85d1c415 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/candidates.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/candidates.go
@@ -186,6 +186,20 @@ func (ix *Indexer) ApplyMessage(ctx context.Context, f delivery.Forge) (Applied,
 		if held, err = ix.heldModules(ctx); err != nil {
 			return applied, err
 		}
+		// Each manifest the pull carries is judged by this judge, unless it holds a verdict already that this judge made or
+		// that accepts it: a refusal an older judge made never stands for a candidate (or a digest back on the trunk).
+		over := map[string]string{}
+		for _, digest := range digests {
+			if ix.Manifests == nil {
+				break
+			}
+			if value, _, found, err := ix.Manifests.Get(ctx, digest); err == nil && found {
+				if kept, err := delivery.DecodeManifest(value); err == nil {
+					over[kept.Module] = digest
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		ix.judgeDigests(ctx, over, fmt.Sprintf("%s#%d", f.Repository, f.Number))
 		if err := ix.configCandidateOfPull(ctx, f, held); err != nil {
 			if !errors.Is(err, ErrUnreadable) {
 				return applied, err
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/takein.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/takein.go
index 10866eb0..579ba62b 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/takein.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/takein.go
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ type TakeInAsk struct {
 	Repository string `json:"repository,omitempty"`
 	Why        string `json:"why,omitempty"`
 	// Judge asks the manifests to be judged again now (indexer_judge_again) instead of the module to be taken in.
-	Judge    bool      `json:"judge,omitempty"`
+	Judge bool `json:"judge,omitempty"`
+	// Digest names, with Judge, the one manifest digest of the module to judge (indexer_judge with a digest).
+	Digest   string    `json:"digest,omitempty"`
 	By       string    `json:"by,omitempty"`
 	At       time.Time `json:"at"`
 	Result   *TakenIn  `json:"result,omitempty"`
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts.go
index 50b72e2d..1263a8e1 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts.go
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ type Judged struct {
 // watchman raises as manifest-outgrown. A manifest in fresh (the digests a merge just took in) with no verdict yet, and
 // one already refused, is judged in full.
 func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged, error) {
+	return ix.judgeOver(ctx, fresh, nil)
+}
+
+// judgeOver is JudgeAll; with over (module to manifest digest) it judges those digests alone, each in the catalogue the
+// modules state holds with its module's manifest replaced by it (a module the state does not hold added), and writes
+// their verdicts and nothing else: no event, no count of the old sections, and no module's value but one that names the
+// digest judged (carryVerdict). A digest of over with no verdict yet is judged in full, as a fresh one.
+func (ix *Indexer) judgeOver(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool, over map[string]string) (Judged, error) {
 	// A merge, the start pass and indexer_judge may all judge at once: one pass at a time, so none writes a verdict from
 	// modules another is rewriting.
 	ix.judgeMu.Lock()
@@ -61,6 +69,15 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged,
 	if err != nil {
 		return out, err
 	}
+	if over != nil {
+		fresh = map[string]bool{}
+		for module, digest := range over {
+			m := held[module]
+			m.Manifest = digest
+			held[module] = m
+			fresh[digest] = true
+		}
+	}
 	raws := map[string][]byte{}
 	digests := map[string]string{}
 	for _, name := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(held)) {
@@ -99,12 +116,12 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged,
 	// release's Approve; ADR 0578 §1): it is refused only when this program is the newest build of the indexer the trunk
 	// holds, so no judge that could know the field is still to come.
 	newest := ix.ownBuildIsNewest(held)
-	id := ix.JudgeID
-	if id == "" {
-		id = judge.Identity()
-	}
+	id := ix.judgeID()
 	var accepted []catalogue.Manifest
 	for _, name := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(digests)) {
+		if _, judged := over[name]; over != nil && !judged {
+			continue
+		}
 		out.Judged++
 		v := delivery.ManifestVerdict{Module: name, State: delivery.VerdictAccepted, Judge: id, At: ix.now()}
 		if fields := waits[name]; len(fields) > 0 {
@@ -143,7 +160,10 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged,
 			ix.logf("judge: the verdict on %s (digest %s) is not written: %v", name, digests[name], err)
 			continue
 		}
-		if wrote {
+		if wrote && over != nil {
+			out.Written++
+			ix.logf("judge: %s judged again by %s: %s", digests[name], id, v.State)
+		} else if wrote {
 			out.Written++
 			if v.Waits() {
 				ix.logf("judge: %s", v.Why())
@@ -166,6 +186,9 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged,
 			ix.logf("judge: modules.%s does not carry its verdict: %v", name, err)
 		}
 	}
+	if over != nil {
+		return out, nil
+	}
 	if err := ix.keepOldSections(ctx, judge.CountOldSections(accepted)); err != nil {
 		ix.logf("judge: the count of the old sections is not kept: %v", err)
 	}
@@ -173,14 +196,86 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAll(ctx context.Context, fresh map[string]bool) (Judged,
 }
 
 // JudgeAtStart is JudgeAll of every manifest held, none fresh, as the indexer starts (a judge that changed judges every
-// one again); one that fails is judged again at the next message or source revision heard (kickJudge).
+// one again); one that fails is judged again at the next message or source revision heard (kickJudge). Then every other
+// digest of the verdicts state that another judge refused or held waiting (one of a candidate, or one back on the trunk
+// later) is judged again by this judge (judgeStale), so a refusal an older judge made never stands for good.
 func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAtStart(ctx context.Context) (Judged, error) {
 	ix.learnOwnBuild(ctx)
 	j, err := ix.JudgeAll(ctx, nil)
 	ix.judgePending.Store(err != nil)
+	if err == nil {
+		ix.judgeStale(ctx)
+	}
 	return j, err
 }
 
+// judgeID is the judge a verdict of this program names.
+func (ix *Indexer) judgeID() string {
+	if ix.JudgeID != "" {
+		return ix.JudgeID
+	}
+	return judge.Identity()
+}
+
+// staleVerdict says whether the digest's verdict wants this judge's judgement: there is none, or another judge refused
+// it or held it waiting. An accepted verdict stays accepted under any later judge (ADR 0579 §1), so judging it again
+// changes nothing.
+func (ix *Indexer) staleVerdict(ctx context.Context, digest string) bool {
+	value, _, found, err := ix.Verdicts.Get(ctx, digest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false // unread: left, said by the next pass that reads it
+	}
+	if !found {
+		return true
+	}
+	v, err := delivery.DecodeManifestVerdict(value)
+	return err != nil || (v.Held() && v.Judge != ix.judgeID())
+}
+
+// judgeDigests judges each digest of over (module to digest) whose verdict is stale (staleVerdict), one at a time in the
+// catalogue the modules state holds; a pass that fails is said and the others go on.
+func (ix *Indexer) judgeDigests(ctx context.Context, over map[string]string, why string) {
+	if ix.Verdicts == nil || ix.Manifests == nil || ix.Modules == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	for _, module := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(over)) {
+		if !ix.staleVerdict(ctx, over[module]) {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err := ix.judgeOver(ctx, nil, map[string]string{module: over[module]}); err != nil {
+			ix.logf("judge: the manifest %s of %s (%s) is not judged: %v", over[module], module, why, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// judgeStale judges again every digest of the verdicts state another judge refused or held waiting, each as a manifest
+// of the module its verdict names (judgeDigests). Never on a timer: at the start pass.
+func (ix *Indexer) judgeStale(ctx context.Context) {
+	if ix.Verdicts == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	keys, err := ix.Verdicts.Keys(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		ix.logf("judge: the verdicts other judges made are not judged again: listing the verdicts: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	byModule := map[string][]string{}
+	for _, digest := range keys {
+		value, _, found, err := ix.Verdicts.Get(ctx, digest)
+		if err != nil || !found {
+			continue
+		}
+		if v, err := delivery.DecodeManifestVerdict(value); err == nil && v.Held() && v.Judge != ix.judgeID() {
+			byModule[v.Module] = append(byModule[v.Module], digest)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, module := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(byModule)) {
+		for _, digest := range byModule[module] {
+			ix.judgeDigests(ctx, map[string]string{module: digest}, "made by another judge")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // kickJudge judges again a start pass that failed, when the indexer hears something: never on a timer.
 func (ix *Indexer) kickJudge(ctx context.Context) {
 	if !ix.judgePending.Load() {
@@ -374,26 +469,55 @@ func ListVerdicts(keys []string, get func(key string) ([]byte, error), module st
 
 // JudgeAgain judges the manifests again now, as at the start, and answers how the module's stands: the tool
 // indexer_judge. A module the modules state does not hold, or whose manifest is not in the manifests state, is
-// answered so.
-func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAgain(ctx context.Context, module string) TakenIn {
+// answered so. With a digest it judges that manifest alone, in the catalogue the trunk holds (judgeOver), whoever made
+// its verdict: a candidate's, or one the trunk names again, refused by an older judge.
+func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAgain(ctx context.Context, module, digest string) TakenIn {
 	out := TakenIn{Module: module}
 	held, err := ix.heldModules(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		out.Answer = "the modules state cannot be read: " + err.Error()
 		return out
 	}
+	// The build this program runs is asked again, so a start pass that missed the engine's answer is recovered without a restart.
+	ix.learnOwnBuild(ctx)
+	if digest != "" {
+		// One digest (a candidate's, or one the trunk no longer names), judged by this judge in the catalogue the trunk holds.
+		value, _, found, err := ix.Manifests.Get(ctx, digest)
+		kept, derr := delivery.DecodeManifest(value)
+		switch {
+		case err != nil || !found:
+			out.Answer = "the indexer keeps no manifest of digest " + digest
+			return out
+		case derr != nil:
+			out.Answer = "the manifest of digest " + digest + " cannot be read: " + derr.Error()
+			return out
+		case module != "" && kept.Module != module:
+			out.Answer = "the manifest of digest " + digest + " is " + kept.Module + "'s, not " + module + "'s"
+			return out
+		}
+		out.Module = kept.Module
+		if _, err := ix.judgeOver(ctx, nil, map[string]string{kept.Module: digest}); err != nil {
+			out.Answer = "the manifest could not be judged: " + err.Error()
+			return out
+		}
+		return ix.answerVerdict(ctx, out, digest)
+	}
 	m, ok := held[module]
 	if !ok || m.Manifest == "" {
 		out.Answer = "the indexer holds no manifest of " + module
 		return out
 	}
-	// The build this program runs is asked again, so a start pass that missed the engine's answer is recovered without a restart.
-	ix.learnOwnBuild(ctx)
 	if _, err := ix.JudgeAll(ctx, nil); err != nil {
 		out.Answer = "the manifests could not be judged: " + err.Error()
 		return out
 	}
-	value, _, found, err := ix.Verdicts.Get(ctx, m.Manifest)
+	return ix.answerVerdict(ctx, out, m.Manifest)
+}
+
+// answerVerdict is out answering how the verdict under digest stands.
+func (ix *Indexer) answerVerdict(ctx context.Context, out TakenIn, digest string) TakenIn {
+	module := out.Module
+	value, _, found, err := ix.Verdicts.Get(ctx, digest)
 	if err != nil || !found {
 		out.Answer = "judged, but the verdict on " + module + " cannot be read"
 		return out
@@ -411,8 +535,14 @@ func (ix *Indexer) JudgeAgain(ctx context.Context, module string) TakenIn {
 	return out
 }
 
-// NewJudgeAgain is the value indexer_judge writes for a module: its key in the takeins state and the value.
-func NewJudgeAgain(module, why, by string, at time.Time) (string, []byte, error) {
+// NewJudgeAgain is the value indexer_judge writes for a module, and one digest of its manifest when given: its key in
+// the takeins state and the value.
+func NewJudgeAgain(module, digest, why, by string, at time.Time) (string, []byte, error) {
+	if digest != "" {
+		if _, err := delivery.ManifestsKey(digest); err != nil {
+			return "", nil, err
+		}
+	}
 	key, data, err := NewTakeIn(module, why, by, at)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", nil, err
@@ -421,7 +551,7 @@ func NewJudgeAgain(module, why, by string, at time.Time) (string, []byte, error)
 	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &a); err != nil {
 		return "", nil, err
 	}
-	a.Judge = true
+	a.Judge, a.Digest = true, digest
 	data, err = json.Marshal(a)
 	return judgeAgainPrefix + key, data, err
 }
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts_test.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts_test.go
index c19f5143..b8ce4a49 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts_test.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/internal/index/verdicts_test.go
@@ -276,25 +276,66 @@ func TestTheIndexerJudgesEveryManifestOnce(t *testing.T) {
 	// the indexer is the newer one, so the field waits; asked and answered with that same build it is refused).
 	ix.ownFP = ""
 	ix.OwnBuild = func(context.Context) (string, error) { return "src2:" + strings.Repeat("a", 64), nil }
-	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "later"); !got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "refused") || ix.ownFP == "" {
+	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "later", ""); !got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "refused") || ix.ownFP == "" {
 		t.Fatalf("indexer_judge did not learn the running build: %+v", got)
 	}
 	ix.ownFP = ownFP
 	ix.OwnBuild = nil
-	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "later"); !got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "waits") || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "a-field-from-later") {
+	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "later", ""); !got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "waits") || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "a-field-from-later") {
 		t.Fatalf("indexer_judge: %+v", got)
 	}
 	if rows, _ := ListVerdicts(keys, get, "later", false); len(rows) != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("indexer_verdicts of later after: %+v", rows)
 	}
-	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "nobody"); got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "holds no manifest") {
+	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "nobody", ""); got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "holds no manifest") {
 		t.Fatalf("indexer_judge of nobody: %+v", got)
 	}
-	if key, value, err := NewJudgeAgain("later", "why", "me", time.Now()); err != nil || key != "judge.later" {
+	if key, value, err := NewJudgeAgain("later", "", "why", "me", time.Now()); err != nil || key != "judge.later" {
 		t.Fatalf("the ask: %q %v", key, err)
 	} else if a, err := DecodeTakeIn(value); err != nil || !a.Judge || a.Module != "later" {
 		t.Fatalf("the ask's value: %+v %v", a, err)
 	}
+	// A refusal an older judge made never stands: a digest the trunk no longer names (a candidate's, or one back on the
+	// trunk later) refused by judge-0 for words it did not know is judged again by this judge at the start, at a pull that
+	// carries it, and by indexer_judge with its digest; one this judge refused itself is left as it is.
+	stale := func(module, raw string) string {
+		digest, err := ix.keepManifest(ctx, module, raw)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if _, err := ix.writeVerdict(ctx, digest, delivery.ManifestVerdict{Module: module, State: delivery.VerdictRefused,
+			Problems: []string{module + " says tool-runner, which this judge does not know"}, Judge: "judge-0", At: time.Now()}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return digest
+	}
+	atStart := stale("tools", `{"module":"tools","version":"7"}`)
+	ownRefusal := stale("client", `{"module":"client","version":"7"}`)
+	if _, err := ix.writeVerdict(ctx, ownRefusal, delivery.ManifestVerdict{Module: "client", State: delivery.VerdictRefused,
+		Problems: []string{"x"}, Judge: ix.judgeID(), At: time.Now()}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := ix.JudgeAtStart(ctx); err != nil || verdict(atStart).Refused() || verdict(atStart).Judge != ix.judgeID() || !verdict(ownRefusal).Refused() {
+		t.Fatalf("the start pass: %+v, this judge's own refusal %+v (%v)", verdict(atStart), verdict(ownRefusal), err)
+	}
+	byPull := stale("tools", `{"module":"tools","version":"8"}`)
+	pull := delivery.Forge{Kind: delivery.ForgePull, Repository: "novox/mesh-tools", Number: 3, Branch: "main",
+		Manifests: map[string]string{"modules/tools": `{"module":"tools","version":"8"}`}}
+	if _, err := ix.ApplyMessage(ctx, pull); err != nil || verdict(byPull).Refused() || verdict(byPull).Judge != ix.judgeID() {
+		t.Fatalf("a pull carrying a digest an older judge refused: %+v %v", verdict(byPull), err)
+	}
+	byTool := stale("tools", `{"module":"tools","version":"9"}`)
+	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "client", byTool); got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "tools's, not client's") || !verdict(byTool).Refused() {
+		t.Fatalf("indexer_judge with another module's digest: %+v", got)
+	}
+	if got := ix.JudgeAgain(ctx, "tools", byTool); !got.Stored || !strings.Contains(got.Answer, "accepted") || verdict(byTool).Refused() {
+		t.Fatalf("indexer_judge with a digest: %+v %+v", got, verdict(byTool))
+	}
+	if key, value, err := NewJudgeAgain("tools", byTool, "why", "me", time.Now()); err != nil || key != "judge.tools" {
+		t.Fatalf("the ask with a digest: %q %v", key, err)
+	} else if a, err := DecodeTakeIn(value); err != nil || a.Digest != byTool {
+		t.Fatalf("the ask's digest: %+v %v", a, err)
+	}
 	// Without the verdicts state the indexer judges nothing.
 	ix.Verdicts = nil
 	if j, err := ix.JudgeAll(ctx, nil); err != nil || j.Judged != 0 {