diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate.go
index 843849e6..46598667 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -347,7 +348,9 @@ func workQueueProblems(at string, e catalogue.BusStateEntry) []string {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// ledgerTypeProblems judges a ledger's types: named locally and once, and every operation's effect one of the four.
+// ledgerTypeProblems judges a ledger's types: named locally and once, and every operation's effect one of the four; a
+// set-entry or remove names its `into` and `key`; an operation's `fields` and an index's `on` name fields of the type's
+// schema; a `digest-of` names a text field of it (DLV-I12, ADR 0595 §8, ADR 0597 §2, §4).
 func ledgerTypeProblems(at string, e catalogue.BusStateEntry) []string {
 	var problems []string
 	if len(e.Types) == 0 {
@@ -374,6 +377,34 @@ func ledgerTypeProblems(at string, e catalogue.BusStateEntry) []string {
 					"%s: the operation %q has the effect %q, outside the four (%s) (novox/hq ADR 0597 §2)",
 					where, op.Name, op.Effect, strings.Join(ledgerEffects, ", ")))
 			}
+			if op.Effect == catalogue.EffectSetEntry || op.Effect == catalogue.EffectRemove {
+				for field, v := range map[string]string{"into": op.Into, "key": op.Key} {
+					if strings.TrimSpace(v) == "" {
+						problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s: the operation %q (%s) names no %s (novox/hq ADR 0597 §2)", where, op.Name, op.Effect, field))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			for _, f := range op.Fields {
+				if _, ok := t.Schema[f]; !ok {
+					problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s: the operation %q names the field %q, which the type's schema does not hold", where, op.Name, f))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		for _, ix := range t.Indexes {
+			for _, f := range ix.On {
+				if _, ok := t.Schema[f]; !ok {
+					problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s: the index %q is on the field %q, which the type's schema does not hold (novox/hq ADR 0597 §4)", where, ix.Name, f))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		for _, name := range slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(t.Schema)) {
+			of := t.Schema[name].DigestOf
+			if of == "" {
+				continue
+			}
+			if src, ok := t.Schema[of]; !ok || src.Type != "text" {
+				problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s: the field %q is the digest of %q, which is no text field of the type's schema", where, name, of))
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return problems
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate_test.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate_test.go
index f2d8f751..31255dde 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate_test.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/busstate_test.go
@@ -52,6 +52,19 @@ func TestBusStateIsJudgedOnce(t *testing.T) {
 		{"a bare stream with a wrong when full", manifest(`{"name":"x","storage":"stream","configuration":{"when-full":"crash","max-mib":10,"max-age-days":9}}`), []string{"\"x\"", "\"when-full\"", "\"refuse\" or \"drop-oldest\""}},
 		{"a ledger effect outside the four", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"set-fields"`, `"upsert"`, 1)), []string{"\"records\"", "effect \"upsert\"", "outside the four"}},
 		{"a ledger whose history expires", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"options"`, `"configuration":{"max-age-days":30},"options"`, 1)), nil},
+		// DLV-I12 (ADR 0595 §8, ADR 0597 §2, §4): each refusal names the module, the entry, the type, the operation or index, and the field.
+		{"a set-entry naming no into", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"effect":"set-fields","fields":["title"]`, `"effect":"set-entry","key":"title"`, 1)),
+			[]string{"\"records\"", "type \"decision\"", "operation \"propose\"", "no into"}},
+		{"a remove naming no key", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"effect":"set-fields","fields":["title"]`, `"effect":"remove","into":"links"`, 1)),
+			[]string{"\"records\"", "operation \"propose\"", "no key"}},
+		{"a set-entry naming both", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"effect":"set-fields","fields":["title"]`, `"effect":"set-entry","into":"links","key":"title","fields":["title"]`, 1)), nil},
+		{"an operation's field the schema lacks", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"fields":["title"]`, `"fields":["title","body"]`, 1)),
+			[]string{"\"records\"", "operation \"propose\"", "field \"body\"", "schema does not hold"}},
+		{"an index on a field the schema lacks", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `"fields":["title"]}]`, `"fields":["title"]}],"indexes":[{"name":"by-owner","on":["owner"]}]`, 1)),
+			[]string{"\"records\"", "index \"by-owner\"", "field \"owner\""}},
+		{"a digest of a field that is no text", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `{"title":{"type":"text"}}`, `{"title":{"type":"text"},"n":{"type":"integer"},"sum":{"type":"text","digest-of":"n"}}`, 1)),
+			[]string{"\"records\"", "field \"sum\"", "digest of \"n\"", "no text field"}},
+		{"a digest of a text field", manifest(strings.Replace(ledger, `{"title":{"type":"text"}}`, `{"title":{"type":"text"},"sum":{"type":"text","digest-of":"title"}}`, 1)), nil},
 	} {
 		_, problems := Manifest([]byte(c.raw), nil)
 		switch {