diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules.go
index 1a981af2..9a56f0a7 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules.go
@@ -451,6 +451,28 @@ func busyProblems(m catalogue.Manifest) []string {
 	return problems
 }
 
+// readOnlyStateProblems refuses a state declared read-only that no process's bus state names: the module's own account
+// and the tool runner carrying it read it and publish nothing on it, so only such a process writes it.
+func readOnlyStateProblems(m catalogue.Manifest) []string {
+	named := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, a := range m.BusAccounts() {
+		if a.Tools {
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, s := range a.Bus.State {
+			named[s] = true
+		}
+	}
+	var problems []string
+	for _, s := range m.State {
+		if s.ReadOnly && !named[s.Name] {
+			problems = append(problems, fmt.Sprintf("%s declares its state %s read-only and no process's bus state names it: "+
+				"only such a process writes a read-only state, so nothing would", m.Module, s.Name))
+		}
+	}
+	return problems
+}
+
 // AttributeFits is whether an item's attribute is of the shape its collection allows: words of lower case, except
 // the environment's `name`, which is a variable's name (design 57 L3, issue 795). The same rule is mesh-catalog's
 // provisioner client's, and the inventory's.
@@ -3312,6 +3334,9 @@ func parseManifest(raw []byte, predefined catalogue.PredefinedList) (catalogue.M
 	problems = append(problems, healthProblems(m)...)
 	// And whether a container is busy (novox/hq ADR 0335), likewise.
 	problems = append(problems, busyProblems(m)...)
+	// A read-only state is written by a process naming it in its bus state alone (review round 2): one no process names
+	// would be written by nobody.
+	problems = append(problems, readOnlyStateProblems(m)...)
 	if m.DeclaresConfig() {
 		// Said in the words it was written in: the rules shared with the settings form say ${setting:<key>}
 		// and takes-settings.
diff --git a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules_test.go b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules_test.go
index e8634ae6..7fbffcd9 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules_test.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-delivery-indexer/judge/rules_test.go
@@ -2928,7 +2928,7 @@ func TestAStateNameIsLocalAndOneToken(t *testing.T) {
 		{`{"module":"a.b","version":"1","state":["s"]}`, `no dot`},
 		{`{"module":"a","version":"1","reads":["bindings"]}`, `a read is <module>.<name>`},
 		{`{"module":"a","version":"1","reads":["a.s"]}`, `which is its own state`},
-		{`{"module":"a","version":"1","state":[{"name":"s","shared":true}]}`, `{name, history, ttl-seconds, per-machine, key-ttl}`},
+		{`{"module":"a","version":"1","state":[{"name":"s","shared":true}]}`, `{name, history, ttl-seconds, per-machine, key-ttl, read-only}`},
 	} {
 		_, err := ParseManifest([]byte(c.manifest))
 		if c.says == "" {
@@ -4353,8 +4353,15 @@ func TestTheBussAccountSaysNothingOnTheBus(t *testing.T) {
 		{"the keeper invokes its own tool", `{"keeps":true,"invokes":["nats.nats_server"]}`, "", "a subject on which a tool"},
 		{"the keeper invokes every tool", `{"keeps":true,"invokes":["*"]}`, "", "a subject on which a tool"},
 		{"the keeper invokes its own seat's verb", `{"keeps":true,"invokes":["seat:mesh-broker.list"]}`, "", "a subject on which a tool"},
+		// Review round 2: a read-only state is named by the process that writes it; one no process names is refused.
+		{"spent read-only, the keeper's", `{"keeps":true,"state":["requests","spent"]}`, "", ""},
+		{"spent read-only, no process's", `{"keeps":true,"state":["requests"]}`, "", "its state spent read-only and no process's bus state names it"},
 	} {
-		_, err := ParseManifest(keeper(c.bus, c.more))
+		raw := keeper(c.bus, c.more)
+		if strings.HasPrefix(c.name, "spent") {
+			raw = []byte(strings.Replace(string(raw), `"state":[{"name":"requests","history":5}]`, `"state":[{"name":"requests","history":5},{"name":"spent","read-only":true}]`, 1))
+		}
+		_, err := ParseManifest(raw)
 		if c.refused == "" && err != nil || c.refused != "" && (err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), c.refused)) {
 			t.Errorf("%s: want refused %q, got %v", c.name, c.refused, err)
 		}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go b/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
index 27dd3585..aac08d80 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
@@ -548,6 +548,10 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 		}{
 			{"every record on the bus", func(*fakeBus) {},
 				[]string{"a.mod-x", "a.nats", "b.mod-y", "node.a", "node.b"}, "people"},
+			// Review round 2: a state the manifest declares read-only is read on the module's own account and never written.
+			{"a read-only state is read and not written by its module's account", func(b *fakeBus) {
+				b.manifestOf("mod-x", strings.Replace(xManifest, `{"name":"kept","history":3}`, `{"name":"kept","history":3,"read-only":true}`, 1))
+			}, []string{"a.mod-x", "a.nats", "b.mod-y", "node.a", "node.b"}, "people"},
 			{"a manifest missing is a gap and its user is left out", func(b *fakeBus) { delete(b.states[grants.ReadModules], "mod-y") },
 				[]string{"a.mod-x", "a.nats", "node.a", "node.b"}, "manifest of mod-y"},
 			{"a want's built manifest is composed, not the trunk's; the list's records carry both (issue 774)", func(b *fakeBus) {
@@ -577,6 +581,12 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 				if !gapNamed(append(in.Gaps, left...), row.gap) {
 					t.Errorf("gaps %v name no %q", in.Gaps, row.gap)
 				}
+				if strings.HasPrefix(row.name, "a read-only state") {
+					x := users[slices.IndexFunc(users, func(u grants.User) bool { return u.User == "a.mod-x" })]
+					if slices.Contains(x.Publish, "$KV.mod-x_kept.>") || !slices.Contains(x.Publish, "$JS.API.DIRECT.GET.KV_mod-x_kept.>") {
+						t.Errorf("a.mod-x and its read-only state kept: %v", x.Publish)
+					}
+				}
 				if strings.HasPrefix(row.name, "a want's") {
 					x := users[slices.IndexFunc(users, func(u grants.User) bool { return u.User == "a.mod-x" })]
 					if !slices.Contains(x.Publish, "$KV.mod-x_newer.>") || slices.Contains(x.Publish, "$KV.mod-x_kept.>") {
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
index 511a47e9..651b68ed 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func bucketsOf(m catalogue.Manifest) []buscompose.Bucket {
 	var out []buscompose.Bucket
 	for _, s := range m.State {
 		out = append(out, buscompose.Bucket{Module: m.Module, Name: s.Name, History: s.History, TTLSeconds: s.TTLSeconds,
-			PerMachine: s.PerMachine, KeyTTL: s.KeyTTL})
+			PerMachine: s.PerMachine, KeyTTL: s.KeyTTL, ReadOnly: s.ReadOnly})
 	}
 	return out
 }