diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/cmd/mesh-grants/tools.go b/modules/mesh-grants/cmd/mesh-grants/tools.go
index bb351b4..822fb2b 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/cmd/mesh-grants/tools.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/cmd/mesh-grants/tools.go
@@ -85,8 +85,9 @@ func toolsOf(p *grants.Part) []stdio.Tool {
 			"the part's process (which alone holds the grant to publish a membership) to compose the memberships, the user list and " +
 			"the assertions, publish each membership that differs from the one last published, and keep what changed in its own " +
 			"state (one revision when an input changed, none when not), saying user-list-changed and membership-changed. Answers " +
-			"the ask and the last pass; grants_user_list shows the pass that answers it. A membership is published only when it is " +
-			"the first or only adds to the last one; any loss stays a shadow difference, named. The user list, assertions and " +
+			"the ask and the last pass; grants_user_list shows the pass that answers it. A membership is published unless it would " +
+			"leave a seat a placed module claims with no holder, or drop a capability its holder still asks for (verified-sender), " +
+			"which stays a shadow difference, named. The user list, assertions and " +
 			"grants stay in shadow. It cannot ask the controller to write a module's grant again: the controller serves no such " +
 			"verb, and the answer says so.",
 			Run: func(a map[string]any) (any, error) { return p.AskCompose(stdio.CallerOf(a)) }},
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go b/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
index 4a0aaa6..f039e24 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/grants_test.go
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ type fakeBus struct {
 	// creates are the streams the part asked to create, refused when refuseCreate.
 	creates      []string
 	refuseCreate bool
+	// refuseUsers refuses the bus module's nats_users: the loaded list cannot be read.
+	refuseUsers bool
 	// rootFree answers the controller's root-free verb: nil is no answerer at all (no responders).
 	rootFree func(machines []string) (any, error)
 }
@@ -155,6 +157,9 @@ func (b *fakeBus) Call(key string, body any) (json.RawMessage, error) {
 	args, _ := body.(map[string]any)
 	switch key {
 	case grants.CallUsers:
+		if b.refuseUsers {
+			return nil, errors.New("nats: no responders available for request")
+		}
 		part, _ := args["user"].(string)
 		if part == "" {
 			var names []map[string]any
@@ -248,6 +253,17 @@ const (
 	yManifest = `{"module":"mod-y","version":"1","own-secrets":{"broker":"/var/lib/y/broker"},"reads":["mod-x.kept"]}`
 )
 
+// brokerSeat is one verb of the bus's seat as a membership serves it: nats claims the seat in fixture and no membership
+// composed there serves it, so a membership or list that drops it leaves the seat with no holder (issue 1945).
+func brokerSeat() (seat, verb string) {
+	s, _ := catalogue.SeatNamed(catalogue.BrokerSeat)
+	verb = "v"
+	if len(s.Serves) > 0 {
+		verb = s.Serves[0].Name
+	}
+	return s.Name, verb
+}
+
 // fixture is a mesh of two machines: a runs the bus and mod-x, b runs mod-y; the bus node's agent loaded a list.
 func fixture() *fakeBus {
 	b := newFakeBus()
@@ -761,6 +777,62 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 		if read := grants.ReadInputs(b, &grants.Manifests{}); slices.ContainsFunc(read.Gaps, func(g grants.Gap) bool { return g.Input == grants.ReadPlacement && g.Failed }) {
 			t.Errorf("placement not on the bus is a failed read: %v", read.Gaps)
 		}
+		// Issue 1945, the user list of 2026-10-27 09:21: a placement's holds are the holders on record, not every holder.
+		// A mesh seat no placement holds keeps the module claiming it as its holder, wherever placement puts it.
+		in.Manifests["other"] = catalogue.Manifest{Module: "other", Version: "1", Claims: []catalogue.Claim{{Name: "other-seat", Scope: catalogue.ScopeMesh}},
+			DefinesSeats: []catalogue.SeatDeclaration{{Name: "other-seat", Scope: catalogue.ScopeMesh, Serves: []catalogue.Verb{{Name: "v"}}}}}
+		in.Assigned["b"] = append(in.Assigned["b"], "other")
+		in.Placed["b"] = delivery.Placement{Node: "b", Modules: []delivery.PlacedModule{{Module: "store"}, {Module: "other"}}}
+		if recs, _ := grants.Records(in); holds(recs, "a") != 1 || holds(recs, "b") != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("a seat no placement holds is held on b %d times, want once (and store-seat on a alone: a %d)", holds(recs, "b"), holds(recs, "a"))
+		}
+		in.Placed["b"] = delivery.Placement{Node: "b", Modules: []delivery.PlacedModule{{Module: "store"}, {Module: "other"}},
+			Holds: []delivery.Holding{{Claim: "other-seat", Scope: "mesh", Module: "someone-else"}}}
+		if recs, _ := grants.Records(in); holds(recs, "b") != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("a seat placement holds by another module is still held by other on b")
+		}
+		// The live shapes: the seed's novox placement (mesh-catalog 0c61bad, its twelve holdings, without
+		// anthropic-licence-manager), the licence manager's manifest (mesh-catalog c05aa5e6), and the subjects the bus
+		// grants novox.node-tools for its seat (nats_users, 2026-10-27 19:40Z).
+		file := func(name string, v any) {
+			raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", name))
+			if err == nil {
+				err = json.Unmarshal(raw, v)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}
+		var seed delivery.Placement
+		var live struct{ Users []grants.User }
+		file("placement-novox-0c61bad.json", &seed)
+		file("node-tools-novox-licence-subjects.json", &live)
+		licence, _ := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("testdata", "claude-licence-manager.json"))
+		n := newFakeBus()
+		n.manifestOf("nats", natsManifest)
+		n.manifestOf("claude-licence-manager", string(licence))
+		n.assign("novox", "nats")
+		n.assign("novox", "claude-licence-manager")
+		n.manifestOf("node-tools", `{"module":"node-tools","version":"1"}`) // the machine's tool runner, which carries the seat
+		n.assign("novox", "node-tools")
+		n.put(grants.ReadHave, "novox.node", map[string]any{"v": 1})
+		pl, _ = delivery.EncodePlacement(seed)
+		n.states[grants.ReadPlacement] = map[string][]byte{"placement.novox": pl}
+		recs, _ := grants.Records(grants.ReadInputs(n, &grants.Manifests{}))
+		if m := grants.Memberships(recs)["novox.claude-licence-manager"]; len(m.Membership.Seats) == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("the licence manager's membership under the seeded placement carries no seats: %+v", m.Membership)
+		}
+		var runtime grants.User
+		for _, u := range shadowOf(t, n) {
+			if u.User == "novox.node-tools" {
+				runtime = u
+			}
+		}
+		for _, s := range live.Users[0].Subscribe {
+			if strings.Contains(s, ".call.") && !slices.Contains(runtime.Subscribe, s) {
+				t.Errorf("under the seeded placement novox.node-tools is not granted %s, which the bus grants it today", s)
+			}
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("compare excuses a retired verb and a multiply claimed mesh seat's added subscriptions on its machines, nothing else", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -787,6 +859,34 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 				t.Errorf("%s: equal %v, excused %v", row.name, c.Equal(), c.Excused)
 			}
 		}
+		// The guard of the user list and the memberships (issue 1945, the lead's decision in review round 1 of its fix): a
+		// seat the list in force holds left with no holder while a placed module still claims it, nothing else.
+		sm, _ := catalogue.SeatNamed(catalogue.ServiceManagerSeat)
+		nodeSeat := func(node string) string {
+			return "mesh.seat." + sm.Name + ".tool." + sm.Serves[0].Name + "." + node
+		}
+		h := grants.HoldingsOf(grants.Inputs{Assigned: map[string][]string{"novox": {"postgres", "systemd"}, "ace": {"postgres", "systemd"}},
+			Manifests: map[string]catalogue.Manifest{
+				"postgres": {Module: "postgres", Claims: []catalogue.Claim{{Name: "mesh-store", Scope: catalogue.ScopeMesh}}},
+				"systemd":  {Module: "systemd", Claims: []catalogue.Claim{{Name: sm.Name, Scope: catalogue.ScopeNode}}}}})
+		u := func(user string, sub ...string) grants.User { return grants.User{User: user, Subscribe: sub} }
+		for _, row := range []struct {
+			name         string
+			inForce, now []grants.User
+			lost         []string
+		}{
+			{"09:21: the seat's holder lost, its claimant still placed", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", "x", store)}, []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", "x")}, []string{"mesh-store"}},
+			{"a dropped tool", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", "mesh.mod.postgres.tool.gone", store)}, []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", store)}, nil},
+			{"a seat moved from novox to ace", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", store)}, []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools"), u("ace.node-tools", store)}, nil},
+			{"a seat no placed module claims any more", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", "mesh.seat.unclaimed.tool.v")}, []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools")}, nil},
+			{"a retired verb dropped", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", retired)}, []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools")}, nil},
+			{"a node seat lost on novox, held on ace", []grants.User{u("novox.node-tools", nodeSeat("novox")), u("ace.node-tools", nodeSeat("ace"))},
+				[]grants.User{u("novox.node-tools"), u("ace.node-tools", nodeSeat("ace"))}, []string{sm.Name + "@novox"}},
+		} {
+			if lost := h.LastHolders(h.ByUsers(row.inForce), h.ByUsers(row.now)); !slices.Equal(lost, row.lost) {
+				t.Errorf("%s: lost %v, want %v", row.name, lost, row.lost)
+			}
+		}
 	})
 
 	t.Run("tools", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -851,11 +951,12 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 		if third := p.Compose(); third.Written || third.MembershipsWritten != 0 || len(third.Published) != 0 || len(b.publishes) != 3 {
 			t.Errorf("a membership equal to the one last published was published again, or a state written: %+v", third)
 		}
-		// mod-x placed on b too: b.mod-x is added and its first membership published; a.mod-x's would lose the module's
-		// plain subject (mod-x now runs on two machines), a loss, so it stays a shadow difference.
+		// mod-x placed on b too: b.mod-x is added and its first membership published; a.mod-x's loses the module's plain
+		// subject (mod-x now runs on two machines), which leaves no seat without its holder, so it is published too (issue
+		// 1945, the lead's decision in review round 1 of its fix).
 		b.assign("b", "mod-x")
 		moved := p.Compose()
-		if !moved.Written || moved.Revision != 2 || !slices.Equal(moved.Published, []string{"b.mod-x"}) || len(moved.NotPublished) != 1 || !strings.HasPrefix(moved.NotPublished[0], "a.mod-x: "+grants.ShadowDifference) || moved.UserList.Compare.Equal() ||
+		if !moved.Written || moved.Revision != 2 || !slices.Equal(moved.Published, []string{"a.mod-x", "b.mod-x"}) || len(moved.NotPublished) != 0 || moved.UserList.Compare.Equal() ||
 			!slices.Equal(moved.UserList.Compare.Added, []string{"b.mod-x"}) {
 			t.Errorf("a composition after placement moved = %+v", moved)
 		}
@@ -1068,6 +1169,50 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 					if len(fresh) == 0 || fresh[0].Key != grants.HeldCondition || fresh[0].State != asks.StateCleared {
 						t.Errorf("a fresh part's first pass does not say the held warning is cleared: %+v", fresh)
 					}
+					// Issue 1945, 2026-10-27 09:21: a list that would leave a seat the list in force holds with no holder,
+					// while a placed module still claims it, is held, as such a membership is: not written, the warning
+					// raised naming the seat. A list that only adds is written; one whose loaded grants cannot be read is held.
+					inForce := slices.Clone(b.loaded)
+					seat, verb := brokerSeat()
+					seatGrant := "mesh.seat." + seat + ".call." + verb + ".*"
+					for i := range b.loaded {
+						if b.loaded[i].User == "a.nats" {
+							b.loaded[i].Subscribe = append(slices.Clone(b.loaded[i].Subscribe), seatGrant)
+						}
+					}
+					b.put(grants.ReadAssignments, "a.mod-y", map[string]any{"node": "a", "module": "mod-y", "assigned": "2026-10-27T08:20:00Z"})
+					b.put(grants.ReadAccounts, "a.mod-y", map[string]any{"user": "a.mod-y", "hash": "$2a$10$x", "generation": 1})
+					said = nil
+					res := p.Compose()
+					if res.Sealed == nil || !strings.Contains(res.Sealed.Why, "publishing would lose the last holder of "+seat) {
+						t.Errorf("a list losing a seat grant = %+v", res.Sealed)
+					}
+					if now, _, _ := p.Sealed(); now.Digest != g.Digest {
+						t.Errorf("a list losing a seat grant was written: %s, was %s", now.Digest, g.Digest)
+					}
+					if len(said) != 1 || said[0].Key != grants.HeldCondition || said[0].State != asks.StateRaised || !strings.Contains(said[0].Summary, "the last holder of "+seat) {
+						t.Errorf("the held list did not raise the warning naming the lost grant: %+v", said)
+					}
+					b.loaded = inForce
+					if p.Compose(); func() bool { now, _, _ := p.Sealed(); return now.Digest == g.Digest }() {
+						t.Errorf("a list that only adds a.mod-y was not written")
+					}
+					written, _, _ := p.Sealed()
+					b.mu.Lock()
+					b.refuseUsers = true
+					b.mu.Unlock()
+					b.mu.Lock()
+					delete(b.states[grants.ReadAssignments], "a.mod-y")
+					b.mu.Unlock()
+					if res := p.Compose(); res.Sealed == nil || !strings.Contains(res.Sealed.Why, "the grants of the list in force cannot be read") {
+						t.Errorf("a pass whose loaded list cannot be read = %+v", res.Sealed)
+					}
+					if now, _, _ := p.Sealed(); now.Digest != written.Digest {
+						t.Errorf("a list was written while the loaded list could not be read")
+					}
+					b.mu.Lock()
+					b.refuseUsers = false
+					b.mu.Unlock()
 				}
 			})
 		}
@@ -1169,8 +1314,16 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	})
 
-	t.Run("memberships: a first or an additive one published, a loss never", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("memberships: published unless a seat would lose its last holder or a holder a capability it asks for", func(t *testing.T) {
 		const key = "a.mod-x"
+		brokerName, brokerVerb := brokerSeat()
+		// The telegram module's claim of its channel, as mesh-catalog's telegram manifest has it (c05aa5e6), on mod-x.
+		const telegramClaim = `[{"name":"channel","scope":"mesh","kind":"telegram","capabilities":["deliver","verified-sender"]}]`
+		verified := func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+			m["seat-traffic"] = map[string]any{"kinds": []any{map[string]any{"seat": "channel", "kind": "telegram", "module": "mod-x", "node": "a",
+				"capabilities": []any{"deliver", "verified-sender"}}}}
+			return m
+		}
 		composed := func(b *fakeBus) map[string]any {
 			recs, _ := grants.Records(grants.ReadInputs(b, &grants.Manifests{}))
 			raw, _ := json.Marshal(grants.Memberships(recs)[key].Membership)
@@ -1183,35 +1336,46 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 			last      func(map[string]any) map[string]any
 			published bool
 			names     string
+			// claims, when set, are mod-x's claims in its manifest for the row.
+			claims string
 		}{
-			{"a first membership is published", nil, true, ""},
+			{"a first membership is published", nil, true, "", ""},
 			{"an additive change is published, the private network carried", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 				delete(m, "state")
 				m["mesh"] = []any{"10.0.0.1"}
 				return m
-			}, true, ""},
-			{"a change that drops verified-sender is not published, and named", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
-				m["seat-traffic"] = map[string]any{"kinds": []any{map[string]any{"seat": "channel", "kind": "telegram", "capabilities": []any{"verified-sender"}}}}
-				return m
-			}, false, "verified-sender"},
-			{"a change that drops any other field is not published", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+			}, true, "", ""},
+			// The lead's decision in review round 1 of the fix of issue 1945: only a seat left with no holder, or a
+			// capability its holder still asks for (verified-sender, dropped by a root-free word that failed), holds a
+			// membership back; a dropped tool or field is published.
+			{"a change that drops a tool is published", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 				m["serves"] = append(m["serves"].([]any), map[string]any{"subject": "mesh.mod.mod-x.tool.gone"})
+				m["mesh"] = []any{"10.0.0.1"}
 				return m
-			}, false, "tool.gone"},
+			}, true, "", ""},
+			{"a change that drops verified-sender its holder still asks for is not published, and named", verified, false, "channel telegram verified-sender of a/mod-x", telegramClaim},
+			{"a change that drops verified-sender its holder no longer asks for is published", verified, true, `"published":"published"`, `[{"name":"channel","scope":"mesh","kind":"telegram"}]`},
+			{"a change that takes the last holder from a seat a placed module claims is not published, the seat named", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+				m["seats"] = []any{map[string]any{"seat": brokerName, "verb": brokerVerb, "subject": "mesh.seat." + brokerName + ".tool." + brokerVerb}}
+				return m
+			}, false, "the last holder of " + brokerName, ""},
 			// A verb the seat catalogue retired on purpose (mark-ready, mesh-sdk d506f21, ADR 0421) is dropped and named; a
 			// verb of a seat the catalogue does not define is still a loss (issue 1945).
 			{"a change that drops only a retired seat verb is published, the verb named", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 				m["seats"] = []any{map[string]any{"seat": "mesh-delivery", "verb": "mark-ready", "subject": "mesh.seat.mesh-delivery.tool.mark-ready"}}
 				return m
-			}, true, "mesh-delivery mark-ready"},
-			{"a retired verb and a module seat's verb dropped: not published, the module seat's named", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
+			}, true, "mesh-delivery mark-ready", ""},
+			{"a seat no placed module claims dropped is published", func(m map[string]any) map[string]any {
 				m["seats"] = []any{map[string]any{"seat": "mesh-delivery", "verb": "mark-ready", "subject": "mesh.seat.mesh-delivery.tool.mark-ready"},
 					map[string]any{"seat": "telegram-sender", "verb": "send", "subject": "mesh.seat.telegram-sender.tool.send"}}
 				return m
-			}, false, "telegram-sender"},
+			}, true, "mesh-delivery mark-ready", ""},
 		} {
 			t.Run(row.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 				b := fixture()
+				if row.claims != "" {
+					b.manifestOf("mod-x", strings.Replace(xManifest, `"own-secrets"`, `"claims":`+row.claims+`,"own-secrets"`, 1))
+				}
 				b.loaded = shadowOf(t, b)
 				if row.last != nil {
 					raw, _ := json.Marshal(row.last(composed(b)))
@@ -1378,7 +1542,8 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 			raw, _ := json.Marshal(grants.Memberships(recs)[key].Membership)
 			var m map[string]any
 			_ = json.Unmarshal(raw, &m)
-			m["serves"] = append(m["serves"].([]any), map[string]any{"subject": "mesh.mod.lost.tool.gone"})
+			seat, verb := brokerSeat()
+			m["seats"] = []any{map[string]any{"seat": seat, "verb": verb, "subject": "mesh.seat." + seat + ".tool." + verb}}
 			raw, _ = json.Marshal(m)
 			subject := "mesh.assignment." + key
 			b.stream[subject], b.seqs[subject] = raw, uint64(i+1)
@@ -1404,7 +1569,7 @@ func TestGrants(t *testing.T) {
 		<-done
 		held, err := partOn(b).MembershipOf("", "")
 		h, _ := held.(map[string]any)
-		if err != nil || h["count"] != 2 || !strings.Contains(fmt.Sprint(h["held"]), "tool.gone") {
+		if seat, _ := brokerSeat(); err != nil || h["count"] != 2 || !strings.Contains(fmt.Sprint(h["held"]), "the last holder of "+seat) {
 			t.Errorf("grants_membership with neither node nor module = %v, %v", held, err)
 		}
 		if _, err := partOn(b).MembershipOf("a", ""); err == nil {
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/memberships.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/memberships.go
index e53b452..af81735 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/memberships.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/memberships.go
@@ -74,8 +74,9 @@ const (
 )
 
 // publish publishes m when it differs from the membership last published for its assignment, carrying that one's private
-// network and received contributions; it answers m as published (or why not) and whether it was published now.
-func publish(p Publisher, m Membership) (Membership, bool) {
+// network and received contributions; it answers m as published (or why not) and whether it was published now. held is
+// every holding the memberships composed now carry (Holdings.ByMemberships).
+func publish(p Publisher, m Membership, h Holdings, held map[string]bool) (Membership, bool) {
 	if p == nil {
 		m.Published = "not published: no publisher here (only the part's process publishes)"
 		return m, false
@@ -101,15 +102,24 @@ func publish(p Publisher, m Membership) (Membership, bool) {
 		m.Published = MembershipUnchanged
 		return m, false
 	}
-	// Only a first membership, or one that only adds to the last, is published (the lead's decision, review of 1ff5049):
-	// composed with no root-free judgement, a kind's verified-sender would be dropped, and the operator's approvals by
-	// a channel would no longer be honoured. Any loss stays a shadow difference, named.
+	// A membership is held back only when it would take the last holder from a seat some placed module still claims (the
+	// 09:21 kind of issue 1945; the lead's decision in review round 1 of its fix, replacing the hold on any loss of review
+	// 1ff5049), or drop a capability a kind's holder still asks for (verified-sender, dropped by a root-free word that
+	// failed): a dropped tool or verb, or a seat handed to another node, is published.
 	if found {
 		kept, retired := WithoutRetired(was)
 		m.Retired = retired
-		if lost := Losses(kept, body); len(lost) > 0 {
-			m.Published = ShadowDifference + strings.Join(lost, "; ")
-			return m, false
+		var last membership.Membership
+		if json.Unmarshal(kept, &last) == nil {
+			last.Node = m.Node
+			if lost := h.LastHolders(h.ByMemberships(last), held); len(lost) > 0 {
+				m.Published = ShadowDifference + "the last holder of " + strings.Join(lost, ", ")
+				return m, false
+			}
+			if lost := h.CapabilitiesLost(last, m.Membership); len(lost) > 0 {
+				m.Published = CapabilityDifference + strings.Join(lost, "; ")
+				return m, false
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if err := p.PublishMembership(m.Node, m.Module, body, seq); err != nil {
@@ -184,73 +194,157 @@ func sameMembership(was, now []byte) bool {
 	return reflect.DeepEqual(a, b)
 }
 
-// ShadowDifference opens what a membership's pass says when it was not published because it would lose something.
+// ShadowDifference opens what a membership's or the user list's pass says when it was not published because it would
+// leave a seat with no holder (LastHolders).
 const ShadowDifference = "not published, a shadow difference: publishing would lose "
 
-// Losses names everything the last membership holds that now drops or weakens: a field gone, a value changed, a list
-// element (a capability, a kind, a served address, a seat, a state, a stream) with no element in now that holds all of it.
-// Empty means now holds all the last one did, and maybe more. Pure.
-func Losses(last, now []byte) []string {
-	var a, b any
-	if json.Unmarshal(last, &a) != nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if json.Unmarshal(now, &b) != nil {
-		return []string{"the new membership is not JSON"}
-	}
-	return losses("", a, b)
+// Holdings is how the part tells whether a list or a membership would leave a seat with no holder (issue 1945): every
+// holding some assigned module claims now, and each seat's scope. A holding is named by its seat for a seat held once
+// for the mesh or a site, and `<seat>@<node>` for a seat of every node, so a seat handed to another node keeps its
+// holding and one dropped on a node does not.
+type Holdings struct {
+	Claimed map[string]bool
+	Scopes  map[string]string
+	// Asked is every capability an assigned module's claim of a kind asks for, `<node>/<module>/<seat>/<kind>/<capability>`.
+	Asked map[string]bool
 }
 
-func losses(path string, last, now any) []string {
-	switch l := last.(type) {
-	case map[string]any:
-		n, ok := now.(map[string]any)
-		if !ok {
-			return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", name(path), brief(last))}
+// HoldingsOf is the holdings the assigned modules claim now, by their running manifest or the trunk's, each scope as the
+// seat's declaration says (the seat catalogue, or the manifest defining it), else the claim's. Pure.
+func HoldingsOf(in Inputs) Holdings {
+	h := Holdings{Claimed: map[string]bool{}, Scopes: map[string]string{}, Asked: map[string]bool{}}
+	for _, m := range in.Manifests {
+		for _, d := range m.DefinesSeats {
+			if d.Scope != "" {
+				h.Scopes[canonicalSeat(d.Name)] = d.Scope
+			}
 		}
-		keys := make([]string, 0, len(l))
-		for k := range l {
-			keys = append(keys, k)
-		}
-		sort.Strings(keys)
-		var out []string
-		for _, k := range keys {
-			nv, ok := n[k]
+	}
+	for node, modules := range in.Assigned {
+		for _, module := range modules {
+			m, ok := in.Running[node+"."+module]
+			if !ok {
+				m, ok = in.Manifests[module]
+			}
 			if !ok {
-				out = append(out, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", name(path+"."+k), brief(l[k])))
 				continue
 			}
-			out = append(out, losses(path+"."+k, l[k], nv)...)
-		}
-		return out
-	case []any:
-		n, _ := now.([]any)
-		var out []string
-		for i, e := range l {
-			if !slices.ContainsFunc(n, func(c any) bool { return len(losses("", e, c)) == 0 }) {
-				out = append(out, fmt.Sprintf("%s[%d]: %s", name(path), i, brief(e)))
+			for _, c := range m.Claims {
+				seat := canonicalSeat(c.Name)
+				if _, known := h.scope(seat); !known {
+					h.Scopes[seat] = c.At()
+				}
+				h.Claimed[h.key(seat, node)] = true
+				for _, capability := range c.Capabilities {
+					h.Asked[askedKey(node, module, seat, c.Kind, capability)] = true
+				}
 			}
 		}
-		return out
 	}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(last, now) {
-		return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s, now %s", name(path), brief(last), brief(now))}
-	}
-	return nil
+	return h
 }
 
-func name(path string) string {
-	if path == "" {
-		return "the membership"
+func canonicalSeat(name string) string {
+	if s, ok := catalogue.SeatNamed(name); ok {
+		return s.Name
 	}
-	return strings.TrimPrefix(path, ".")
+	return name
 }
 
-// brief is a value in JSON, cut at 200 bytes.
-func brief(v any) string {
-	raw, _ := json.Marshal(v)
-	if len(raw) > 200 {
-		return string(raw[:200]) + "…"
+func (h Holdings) scope(seat string) (string, bool) {
+	if s, ok := catalogue.SeatNamed(seat); ok && s.Scope != "" {
+		return s.Scope, true
 	}
-	return string(raw)
+	sc, ok := h.Scopes[seat]
+	return sc, ok
 }
+
+func (h Holdings) key(seat, node string) string {
+	seat = canonicalSeat(seat)
+	if sc, _ := h.scope(seat); sc == catalogue.ScopeNode {
+		return seat + "@" + node
+	}
+	return seat
+}
+
+// ByUsers is every holding a user list carries: a user subscribed to a seat's verb (seatSubject) holds it on its
+// machine; a verb the seat catalogue retired holds nothing. Pure.
+func (h Holdings) ByUsers(users []User) map[string]bool {
+	out := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, u := range users {
+		node, _, _ := strings.Cut(u.User, ".")
+		if node == "node" || node == "provisioner" {
+			_, node, _ = strings.Cut(u.User, ".")
+		}
+		for _, s := range u.Subscribe {
+			if m := seatSubject.FindStringSubmatch(s); m != nil && !retiredVerb(m[1], m[2]) {
+				out[h.key(m[1], node)] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// ByMemberships is every holding memberships carry: a seat verb served holds the seat on the membership's node. Pure.
+func (h Holdings) ByMemberships(ms ...membership.Membership) map[string]bool {
+	out := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, m := range ms {
+		for _, s := range m.Seats {
+			if !retiredVerb(s.Seat, s.Verb) {
+				out[h.key(s.Seat, m.Node)] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// LastHolders is every holding before carries that now does not while an assigned module still claims it: the seats a
+// list or a membership would leave with no holder, sorted. Empty means none would; a seat no longer claimed, a verb
+// dropped, or a seat held elsewhere now, is no loss here. Pure.
+func (h Holdings) LastHolders(before, now map[string]bool) []string {
+	var out []string
+	for k := range before {
+		if !now[k] && h.Claimed[k] {
+			out = append(out, k)
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(out)
+	return out
+}
+
+func askedKey(node, module, seat, kind, capability string) string {
+	return node + "/" + module + "/" + canonicalSeat(seat) + "/" + kind + "/" + capability
+}
+
+// CapabilitiesLost is every capability a kind's holder carries in the membership in force (its seat traffic's kinds) that
+// the composed one lacks while that holder is still assigned and its manifest's claim still asks for it, `<seat> <kind>
+// <capability> of <node>/<module>`, sorted. Such a drop comes from a word that failed for one pass (the controller's
+// root-free verb drops verified-sender), not from a release, and losing verified-sender stops the operator's approvals by
+// a channel (issue 1945; review 1ff5049's protection, kept by the lead in review round 1 of its fix). Pure.
+func (h Holdings) CapabilitiesLost(last, now membership.Membership) []string {
+	if last.SeatTraffic == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	has := map[string]bool{}
+	if now.SeatTraffic != nil {
+		for _, k := range now.SeatTraffic.Kinds {
+			for _, c := range k.Capabilities {
+				has[askedKey(k.Node, k.Module, k.Seat, k.Kind, c)] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	var out []string
+	for _, k := range last.SeatTraffic.Kinds {
+		for _, c := range k.Capabilities {
+			if key := askedKey(k.Node, k.Module, k.Seat, k.Kind, c); !has[key] && h.Asked[key] {
+				out = append(out, k.Seat+" "+k.Kind+" "+c+" of "+k.Node+"/"+k.Module)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	sort.Strings(out)
+	return slices.Compact(out)
+}
+
+// CapabilityDifference opens what a membership's pass says when it was not published because it would drop a capability
+// its holder still asks for.
+const CapabilityDifference = ShadowDifference + "a capability its holder still asks for: "
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/part.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/part.go
index 38457d7..7756720 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/part.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/part.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"git.novox.be/novox/mesh-sdk/go/asks"
 	"git.novox.be/novox/mesh-sdk/go/delivery"
+	"git.novox.be/novox/mesh-sdk/go/membership"
 )
 
 // The part's own states, as its manifest declares them, and the keys of the two that hold one value.
@@ -109,7 +110,7 @@ type Result struct {
 }
 
 // NothingTakesEffect is what every composition says it did on the bus beyond its own state and the memberships.
-const NothingTakesEffect = "memberships (on the assignments stream, a first one or one that only adds to the last published or drops only a verb the seat catalogue retired; any other loss stays a shadow difference), and each bucket, log or stream a manifest declares that the bus lacks, created once with the manifest's limits (the operator, 2026-10-26 08:54); the user list, the grants and any change to a stream the bus holds stay in shadow until take-over"
+const NothingTakesEffect = "memberships (on the assignments stream, unless one would leave a seat a placed module claims with no holder, or drop a capability its holder still asks for, which stays a shadow difference), and each bucket, log or stream a manifest declares that the bus lacks, created once with the manifest's limits (the operator, 2026-10-26 08:54); the user list, the grants and any change to a stream the bus holds stay in shadow until take-over"
 
 // Part is the grants part: it reads, calls and writes through these, and nothing else.
 type Part struct {
@@ -195,6 +196,7 @@ func (p *Part) Compose() Result {
 		res.Refused = append(res.Refused, g.Input+": "+g.Why)
 	}
 	recs, left := Records(in)
+	holdings := HoldingsOf(in)
 	res.RootNotFree = WithRootFree(&recs, p.Call)
 	st := UserListState{V: 1, Mode: p.SwitchState(), LeftOut: left, Loaded: in.Loaded, BusNode: in.BusNode,
 		Gaps: append(append([]Gap(nil), in.Gaps...), MembershipGaps...), At: p.now()}
@@ -236,16 +238,22 @@ func (p *Part) Compose() Result {
 		res.Errors = append(res.Errors, "the user list could not be composed whole: "+err.Error())
 	} else {
 		// The users the bus loaded: what a first list after take-over must keep where the part has not yet written one.
-		var bus []string
+		var bus, lost []string
 		if st.Compare.Unread == "" {
 			bus = names(loaded)
+			lost = holdings.LastHolders(holdings.ByUsers(loaded), holdings.ByUsers(users))
 		}
-		p.writeSealed(&res, list, n, leftOut, in, bus)
+		p.writeSealed(&res, list, n, leftOut, in, bus, lost)
 	}
 	ms := Memberships(recs)
 	res.Memberships = len(ms)
+	composed := make([]membership.Membership, 0, len(ms))
+	for _, m := range ms {
+		composed = append(composed, m.Membership)
+	}
+	seated := holdings.ByMemberships(composed...)
 	for _, key := range sortedKeys(ms) {
-		m, now := publish(p.Publish, ms[key])
+		m, now := publish(p.Publish, ms[key], holdings, seated)
 		switch {
 		case now:
 			res.Published = append(res.Published, key)
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
index e92e11c..cf2af39 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/records.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func Records(in Inputs) (buscompose.Records, []Gap) {
 			}
 			d := declaredFor(m, seats, declarers)
 			if len(in.Placed) > 0 {
-				d.Holds = heldWherePlaced(d.Holds, in.Placed[node], m.Module)
+				d.Holds = heldWherePlaced(d.Holds, in.Placed, node, m.Module)
 			}
 			for _, sr := range catalogue.ReadsGranted(m, here, node) {
 				d.KeyedReads = append(d.KeyedReads, buscompose.KeyedRead{Read: sr.Read, Key: sr.Key})
@@ -304,21 +304,43 @@ func hearsOf(m catalogue.Manifest, declared map[string]catalogue.Manifest, node
 	return out, touches, onEvents
 }
 
-// heldWherePlaced is a module's holds on a node as the catalogue's placement says them (ADR 0549 §1, §3): a seat held once
-// for the mesh is held there only when the node's placement names this module holding it, so a module claiming such a seat
-// on two machines holds it on the one placement names, not on both; a seat of every node is held wherever the module runs.
-func heldWherePlaced(holds []buscompose.Seat, p delivery.Placement, module string) []buscompose.Seat {
+// heldWherePlaced is a module's holds on a node as the catalogue's placement says them (ADR 0549 §1, §3). A placement's
+// holds are the holders on record, as catalogue.World's Holdings are: a seat held once for the mesh that some node's
+// placement holds is held only where a placement names it (this node's naming this module), so a module claiming it on
+// two machines holds it on the one placement names, not on both. A seat no placement holds is held by derivation, by the
+// module claiming it wherever it is placed, as it was before placement: the seeded placements hold only the seats the
+// controller had on record (twelve on the control-node), and treating their holds as every holder left nine seats with
+// no holder in the user list of 2026-10-27 09:21 (issue 1945). A seat of every node is held wherever the module runs.
+func heldWherePlaced(holds []buscompose.Seat, placed map[string]delivery.Placement, node, module string) []buscompose.Seat {
+	same := func(x delivery.Holding, h buscompose.Seat) bool {
+		return (x.Scope == "" || x.Scope == catalogue.ScopeMesh) && sameSeat(x.Claim, h.Name) && x.Kind == h.Kind
+	}
 	var out []buscompose.Seat
 	for _, h := range holds {
 		if h.Scope != "" && h.Scope != catalogue.ScopeMesh {
 			out = append(out, h)
 			continue
 		}
-		if slices.ContainsFunc(p.Holds, func(x delivery.Holding) bool {
-			return x.Claim == h.Name && x.Module == module && x.Kind == h.Kind
-		}) {
+		onRecord := false
+		for _, p := range placed {
+			if slices.ContainsFunc(p.Holds, func(x delivery.Holding) bool { return same(x, h) }) {
+				onRecord = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !onRecord || slices.ContainsFunc(placed[node].Holds, func(x delivery.Holding) bool { return same(x, h) && x.Module == module }) {
 			out = append(out, h)
 		}
 	}
 	return out
 }
+
+// sameSeat says two claims name one seat, under either of its names (catalogue.SeatNamed, ADR 0122).
+func sameSeat(a, b string) bool {
+	if a == b {
+		return true
+	}
+	sa, oka := catalogue.SeatNamed(a)
+	sb, okb := catalogue.SeatNamed(b)
+	return oka && okb && sa.Name == sb.Name
+}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/sealed.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/sealed.go
index 6a584cc..c8d8eb8 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/sealed.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/sealed.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func followOf(state string) string {
 
 // writeSealed puts the list sealed to the bus node and writes the key, each only when what it says changed. It says in
 // res what it wrote, or why it wrote nothing.
-func (p *Part) writeSealed(res *Result, list []byte, users int, leftOut []string, in Inputs, bus []string) {
+func (p *Part) writeSealed(res *Result, list []byte, users int, leftOut []string, in Inputs, bus []string, lost []string) {
 	cur, _, had := p.Sealed()
 	next := cur
 	next.Follow = followOf(p.SwitchState())
@@ -91,10 +91,10 @@ func (p *Part) writeSealed(res *Result, list []byte, users int, leftOut []string
 		why = "no node runs the bus's module, so the list is sealed to nobody"
 	case key == "":
 		why = "the bus node's have of the bus module names no key yet (its node-engine says it from this release)"
-	case next.Follow == delivery.FollowGrants && cur.Digest != digest && p.holdsBack(in, leftOut, bus) != "":
+	case next.Follow == delivery.FollowGrants && cur.Digest != digest && p.holdsBack(in, leftOut, bus, lost) != "":
 		// After take-over the list in force is never replaced by one composed past a failed read, or one that drops a user
 		// of it for want of a hash: that user's module would be locked out of the bus (review of the switch).
-		why = p.holdsBack(in, leftOut, bus)
+		why = p.holdsBack(in, leftOut, bus, lost)
 		held = why
 	case cur.Digest != digest || cur.SealedTo != delivery.SealingKeyID(key) || cur.Node != in.BusNode:
 		object, err := delivery.SealUserList(list, key)
@@ -297,14 +297,22 @@ func listUsers(list []byte) []string {
 	return out
 }
 
-// holdsBack says why a list composed now may not replace the one in force after take-over: a read failed this pass, or
-// a user of the list in force is left out for want of a hash. The list in force is the one the part wrote, by the users
+// holdsBack says why a list composed now may not replace the one in force after take-over: a read failed this pass, a
+// user of the list in force is left out for want of a hash, or the list would leave a seat the list in force holds with
+// no holder while a placed module still claims it (lost, Holdings.LastHolders: the membership's guard, issue 1945; the
+// loaded list not read holds it too, since that cannot be ruled out). The list in force is the one the part wrote, by the users
 // it kept of it; where it kept none (a list written before this release), the users the bus loaded (bus, nil when
 // they could not be read). Empty when it may.
-func (p *Part) holdsBack(in Inputs, leftOut, bus []string) string {
+func (p *Part) holdsBack(in Inputs, leftOut, bus, lost []string) string {
 	if f := in.ReadFailures(); len(f) > 0 {
 		return "held: the list in force is kept while a read of this pass failed (" + strings.Join(f, "; ") + ")"
 	}
+	if bus == nil {
+		return "held: the grants of the list in force cannot be read, so a loss of seats cannot be ruled out"
+	}
+	if len(lost) > 0 {
+		return "held, " + ShadowDifference + "the last holder of " + strings.Join(lost, ", ")
+	}
 	raw, _, found, err := p.Store.Get(StateUserList, KeyWrittenUsers)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "held: the users of the list in force cannot be read: " + err.Error()
@@ -313,19 +321,17 @@ func (p *Part) holdsBack(in Inputs, leftOut, bus []string) string {
 	switch {
 	case found:
 		_ = json.Unmarshal(raw, &had)
-	case bus == nil:
-		return "held: the users of the list in force are not known: the part kept none, and the loaded list could not be read"
 	default:
 		had = bus
 	}
-	var lost []string
+	var unhashed []string
 	for _, u := range leftOut {
 		if slices.Contains(had, u) {
-			lost = append(lost, u)
+			unhashed = append(unhashed, u)
 		}
 	}
-	if len(lost) > 0 {
-		return "held: the list in force is kept, since " + strings.Join(lost, ", ") + " would be left out for want of a hash in the vault"
+	if len(unhashed) > 0 {
+		return "held: the list in force is kept, since " + strings.Join(unhashed, ", ") + " would be left out for want of a hash in the vault"
 	}
 	return ""
 }
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/userlist.go b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/userlist.go
index edb44fe..bffade3 100644
--- a/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/userlist.go
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/internal/grants/userlist.go
@@ -368,7 +368,8 @@ func (c Comparison) Excusing(f func(user, subject string, added, subscribe bool)
 	return c
 }
 
-var seatSubject = regexp.MustCompile(`^mesh\.seat\.([^.]+)\.(?:call|tool)\.([^.]+)(?:\.\*)?$`)
+// seatSubject is a seat verb's subject, for any caller (`.*`) or one machine's (`.<node>`, a seat of every node).
+var seatSubject = regexp.MustCompile(`^mesh\.seat\.([^.]+)\.(?:call|tool)\.([^.]+)(?:\.[^.]+)?$`)
 var seatService = regexp.MustCompile(`^\$SRV\.(?:INFO|PING|STATS)\.([^.]+)(?:\.>)?$`)
 
 // ExcusedBy is the excuse of a comparison until placement lives in the catalogue (the operator, 2026-10-26): a verb the
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/claude-licence-manager.json b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/claude-licence-manager.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a55da31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/claude-licence-manager.json
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+{
+  "module": "claude-licence-manager",
+  "version": "1",
+  "slug": "licmgr",
+  "requires": [
+    "postgres-database",
+    "secret"
+  ],
+  "contributes": {
+    "postgres-database": {
+      "name": "claude_licences",
+      "readable": [
+        "audit",
+        "binding"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "binds": {
+    "postgres-database": "${dir:state}/database.json"
+  },
+  "secrets": {
+    "postgres-database": "${dir:state}/database.secret",
+    "secret": {
+      "grant-key": "${dir:state}/grant.key"
+    }
+  },
+  "seats": [
+    {
+      "name": "anthropic-licence-manager",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "serves": [
+        "licences",
+        "bindings",
+        "bind",
+        "switch",
+        "release",
+        "refresh",
+        "usage",
+        "adopt",
+        "current",
+        "public-key"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "claims": [
+    {
+      "name": "anthropic-licence-manager",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "serves": [
+        "licences",
+        "bindings",
+        "bind",
+        "switch",
+        "release",
+        "refresh",
+        "usage",
+        "adopt",
+        "current",
+        "public-key"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "emits": [
+    "licence.adopted",
+    "licence.refused",
+    "licence.bound",
+    "licence.switched",
+    "licence.released",
+    "licence.rotated",
+    "licence.failing",
+    "usage.read"
+  ],
+  "state": [
+    "bindings"
+  ],
+  "reads": [
+    "claude-code.holdings"
+  ],
+  "config": {
+    "cadence_minutes": {
+      "type": "number",
+      "description": "How old a licence's grant may grow before it is rotated, in minutes; 0 keeps 240.",
+      "minimum": 0,
+      "trusted": true,
+      "default": 240
+    },
+    "floor_minutes": {
+      "type": "number",
+      "description": "How little time a grant may have left before it is refreshed in any case, in minutes; 0 keeps 60.",
+      "minimum": 0,
+      "trusted": true,
+      "default": 60
+    },
+    "failures_to_notify": {
+      "type": "number",
+      "description": "How many refreshes of a licence fail in a row before the operator is told, a count; 0 keeps 3.",
+      "minimum": 0,
+      "trusted": true,
+      "default": 3
+    },
+    "cooldown_hours": {
+      "type": "number",
+      "description": "How long after telling the operator about a licence nothing more is said about it, in hours; 0 keeps 24.",
+      "minimum": 0,
+      "trusted": true,
+      "default": 24
+    },
+    "refresh_warn_days": {
+      "type": "number",
+      "description": "How long before a licence's refresh token itself expires the operator is warned, in days; 0 keeps 3.",
+      "minimum": 0,
+      "trusted": true,
+      "default": 3
+    }
+  },
+  "resources": [
+    {
+      "id": "state",
+      "type": "directory",
+      "mode": "0700",
+      "place": ".",
+      "unknown": "program"
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "database-url",
+      "type": "file",
+      "path": "${dir:state}/database.url",
+      "mode": "0600",
+      "template": "files/database.url"
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "settings",
+      "type": "file",
+      "path": "${dir:state}/settings.json",
+      "mode": "0600",
+      "takes-config": ["cadence_minutes", "floor_minutes", "failures_to_notify", "cooldown_hours", "refresh_warn_days"],
+      "merge": "json",
+      "template": "files/settings.json"
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "prepare",
+      "type": "process",
+      "name": "claude-licence-manager-prepare",
+      "artifact": "code",
+      "run": [
+        "./claude-licence-manager",
+        "prepare"
+      ],
+      "run-once": true,
+      "env": {
+        "DATABASE_URL_FILE": "${dir:state}/database.url"
+      },
+      "restart-on": [
+        "database-url"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "build": {
+    "artifacts": [
+      {
+        "name": "code",
+        "kind": "bundle",
+        "language": "go",
+        "system": "arch",
+        "from": "cmd/claude-licence-manager",
+        "binary": "claude-licence-manager",
+        "loads": [
+          "claude-licence-manager"
+        ],
+        "env": {
+          "DATABASE_URL_FILE": "${dir:state}/database.url",
+          "MESH_LICENCE_STATE": "${dir:state}",
+          "MESH_LICENCE_KEY_FILE": "${dir:state}/grant.key",
+          "MESH_LICENCE_SETTINGS": "${dir:state}/settings.json"
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "name": "files",
+        "kind": "archive",
+        "from": "files"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/node-tools-novox-licence-subjects.json b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/node-tools-novox-licence-subjects.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad0f790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/node-tools-novox-licence-subjects.json
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+{
+  "users": [
+    {
+      "user": "novox.node-tools",
+      "subscribe": [
+        "$SRV.INFO.anthropic-licence-manager",
+        "$SRV.INFO.anthropic-licence-manager.>",
+        "$SRV.PING.anthropic-licence-manager",
+        "$SRV.PING.anthropic-licence-manager.>",
+        "$SRV.STATS.anthropic-licence-manager",
+        "$SRV.STATS.anthropic-licence-manager.>",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.adopt.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.bind.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.bindings.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.current.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.licences.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.public-key.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.refresh.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.release.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.switch.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.call.usage.*",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.adopt",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.bind",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.bindings",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.current",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.licences",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.public-key",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.refresh",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.release",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.switch",
+        "mesh.seat.anthropic-licence-manager.tool.usage"
+      ]
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/placement-novox-0c61bad.json b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/placement-novox-0c61bad.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20e8e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/mesh-grants/testdata/placement-novox-0c61bad.json
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+{
+  "v": 1,
+  "node": "novox",
+  "modules": [
+    {
+      "module": "artifact-store-tools"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "avahi"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "ca-trust"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "claude-code"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "claude-licence-manager"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "dbus"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "de-spiegel"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "desk-channel"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "dev-tools"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "disk-load"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "distribution"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "dnsmasq"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "docker"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "fail2ban"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "gitea"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "go"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "hostname"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "invoicing"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "kernel"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "keycloak"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "link2pay"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "localization"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "logrotate"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mailu"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-build-go"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-build-node"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-catalog"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-cli"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-config"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-controller"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-checker"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-forge-bridge"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-gate"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-indexer"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-teller"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-watchman"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-files"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-grants"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-host"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-issues"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-knowledge"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-mail"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-mail-reader"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-mail-web"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-provisioner"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-provisioner-client"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-reads"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-vault"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mesh-wireguard"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "messenger"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "minio"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mongodb"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "mssql"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "nats"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "netcheck"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "nextcloud"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "nftables"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "node-env"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "node-tools"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "nodejs"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "only-office"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "pacman"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "photos"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "postgres"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "power"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "powerlevel10k"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "records"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "restic"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "route-proxy"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "ssh-client"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "sshd"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "step-ca"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "sudo"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "systemd"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "systemd-networkd"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "telegram"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "time-sync"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "umami"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "website"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "zsh"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "zsh-autosuggestions"
+    },
+    {
+      "module": "zsh-syntax-highlighting"
+    }
+  ],
+  "holds": [
+    {
+      "claim": "git",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "gitea",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-artifact-store",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "distribution",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-broker",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "nats",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-catalog",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-catalog",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-config",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-config",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-controller",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-controller",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-delivery",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-delivery-gate",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-dns-resolver",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "dnsmasq",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-provisioner",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-provisioner",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-store",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "postgres",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "mesh-vault",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "mesh-vault",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    },
+    {
+      "claim": "npm-package-registry",
+      "scope": "mesh",
+      "module": "gitea",
+      "site": "hosting"
+    }
+  ]
+}